Tate Britain

Tate Britain
	Location within Central London
Established	1897; 127 years ago
Location	Millbank; London, SW1
Coordinates	51°29′27″N 0°07′38″W / 51.490833°N 0.127222°W
Visitors	525,144 (2021)
Director	Alex Farquharson
Public transit access	Pimlico
Website	tate.org.uk
Tate
	Tate Britain; Tate Liverpool; Tate Modern; Tate St Ives;

Tate Britain, known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery, is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London, England.^[3] It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. Founded by Sir Henry Tate, it houses a substantial collection of the art of the United Kingdom since Tudor times, and in particular has large holdings of the works of J. M. W. Turner, who bequeathed all his own collection to the nation. It is one of the largest museums in the country. The museum had 525,144 visitors in 2021, an increase of 34 percent from 2020 but still well below pre- COVID-19 pandemic levels. In 2021 it ranked 50th on the list of most-visited art museums in the world.^[4]

History

The gallery is on Millbank, on the site of the former Millbank Prison. Construction, undertaken by Higgs and Hill,^[5] commenced in 1893, and the gallery opened on 21 July 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art. However, from the start it was commonly known as the Tate Gallery, after its founder Sir Henry Tate, and in 1932 it officially adopted that name.^[6] Before 2000, the gallery housed and displayed both British and modern collections, but the launch of Tate Modern saw Tate's modern collections move there, while the old Millbank gallery became dedicated to the display of historical and contemporary British art. As a consequence, it was renamed Tate Britain in March 2000.

The front part of the building was designed by Sidney R. J. Smith with a classical portico and dome behind, and the central sculpture gallery was designed by John Russell Pope. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, which houses work by J. M. W. Turner. The Clore Gallery has been regarded as an important example of Postmodern architecture, especially in the use of contextual irony: each section of the external facade quotes liberally from the building next to it in regard to materials and detailing.^[7]

Crises during its existence include flood damage to artworks from the River Thames spilling its banks, and bomb damage during World War II. However, most of the collection was in safe storage elsewhere during the war, and a large Stanley Spencer painting, deemed too big to move, had a protective brick wall built in front of it.^{[citation needed]} In anticipation of the threat to London, more than 700 artworks were secretly transported to Muncaster Castle in Cumbria on 24 August 1939.^[8]

In 1970, the building was given Grade II* listed status.^[9]

In 2012, Tate Britain announced that it had raised the £45 million^[10] required to complete a major renovation, largely thanks to a £4.9 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £1 million given by Tate Members.^[11] The museum stayed open throughout the three phases^[12] of renovation.^[10] Completed in 2013, the newly designed sections were conceived by the architects Caruso St John and included a total of nine new galleries, with reinforced flooring to accommodate heavy sculptures. A second part was unveiled later that year, the centrepiece being the reopening of the building's Thames-facing entrance as well as a new spiral staircase beneath its rotunda.^[12] The circular balcony of the rotunda's domed atrium, closed to visitors since the 1920s, was reopened. The gallery also now has a dedicated schools' entrance and reception beneath its entrance steps on Millbank and a new archive gallery for the presentation of temporary displays.^[13]

Facilities

The front entrance is accessible by steps. A side entrance at a lower level has a ramp for wheelchair access. The gallery provides a restaurant and a café, as well as a Friends room, open only to members of the Tate. This membership is open to the public on payment of an annual subscription. As well as administration offices the building complex houses the Prints and Drawings Rooms (in the Clore galleries),^[14] as well as the Library^[15] and Archive^[16] in the Hyman Kreitman Reading Rooms.^[17] The restaurant features a mural by Rex Whistler, The Expedition in Pursuit of Rare Meats. Protests over the depiction of the enslavement of Black children and the stereotyping of Chinese figures in the mural has led to the closure of the restaurant.^[18]

Tate Britain and Tate Modern are now connected by a river bus along the River Thames, which runs from Millbank Millennium Pier immediately outside Tate Britain. The boat is decorated with spots, based on paintings of similar appearance by Damien Hirst. The lighting artwork incorporated in the pier's structure is by Angela Bulloch.^[19]

Displays

The main display spaces show the permanent collection of historic British art, as well as contemporary work. It has rooms dedicated to works by one artist, such as: Tracey Emin, John Latham, Douglas Gordon, Sam Taylor-Wood, Tacita Dean, and Marcus Gheeraerts II, though these works, like the rest of the collection, are subject to rotation.

The gallery also organises career retrospectives of British artists and temporary major exhibitions of British Art. Every three years the gallery stages a Triennial exhibition in which a guest curator provides an overview of contemporary British Art. The 2003 Tate Triennial was called Days Like These.^[20] Art Now is a small changing show of a contemporary artist's work in a dedicated room.

Tate Britain is the home of the annual and usually controversial Turner Prize exhibition, featuring four artists selected by a jury chaired by the director of Tate Britain. This is spread out over the year with the four nominees announced in May, the show of their work opened in October and the prize itself given in December. Each stage of the prize generates media coverage, and there have also been a number of demonstrations against the prize, notably since 2000 an annual picket by Stuckist artists. In recent years the exhibition and award ceremony have taken place at locations other than in Tate Britain: for example, in Liverpool (2007), Derry (2013), Glasgow (2015) and Hull (2017).

Tate Britain has attempted to reach out to a different and younger audience with Late at Tate Britain on the first Friday of every month, with half-price admission to exhibitions, live music and performance art.^[21] Other public involvement has included the display of visitors', as opposed to curators', interpretation of certain artworks.

Regular free tours operate on the hour, and at 1:15 pm on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday short 15-minute talks are given on paintings, artists and artistic styles.^[22]

Permanent collection

Tate Britain is the national gallery of British art from 1500 to the present day. As such, it is the most comprehensive collection of its kind in the world (only the Yale Center for British Art can claim similar expansiveness, but with less depth).^{[citation needed]} More recent artists include David Hockney, Peter Blake and Francis Bacon. Works in the permanent Tate collection, which may be on display at Tate Britain include:

Unknown 17th-century artist: The Cholmondeley Ladies
Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion
William Blake: Newton
David Bomberg: The Mud Bath
John Constable: Flatford Mill
Richard Dadd, The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke
Herbert James Draper: The Lament for Icarus
William Dyce: Pegwell Bay, Kent – a Recollection of 5 October 1858
Augustus Egg: Past and Present
Thomas Gainsborough: Giovanna Baccelli
Mark Gertler: Merry-Go-Round
Joseph Highmore: Pamela is Married
William Hogarth: The Painter and his Pug
William Holman Hunt: The Awakening Conscience
John Martin: The Great Day of His Wrath
Henry Moore: Recumbent Figure 1938
Sir John Everett Millais: Ophelia
Sir Joshua Reynolds: Three Ladies Adorning a Term of hymen
Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Ecce Ancilla Domini, Beata Beatrix
Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Sketch for the Banqueting House Ceiling
John Singer Sargent, Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth
Stanley Spencer: The Resurrection, Cookham
George Stubbs: Horse Attacked by a Lion
Henry Scott Tuke: August Blue
J. M. W. Turner: The Golden Bough, Norham Castle, Sunrise
Henry Wallis: The Death of Chatterton
John William Waterhouse: The Lady of Shalott, The Magic Circle
James Abbott McNeill Whistler: Symphony in White, No. 2: The Little White Girl, Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge
Rose Wylie: Pin Up and Porn Queen Jigsaw
Gillian Wise: Looped Network Suspended in Pictorial Space
Alison Wilding: Assembly
Rachel Whiteread: Untitled (Floor/Ceiling)
Joanna Mary Wells: Gretchen
Paule Vézelay: Five Forms
Annie Louisa Swynnerton: Oreads
Helen Saunders: Monochrome Abstract Composition
Eva Rothschild: The Fallowfield
Bridget Riley: Achæan
Paula Rego: War
Fiona Rae: Maybe you can live on the moon in the next century
Grace Pailthorpe: December 4th, 1938
Mabel Nicholson: Family Group
Jessica Dismorr: Abstract Composition
Lucy McKenzie: Side Entrance
Mary Martin (artist): Inversions
Hilary Lloyd: One Minute of Water
Kim Lim: Shogun
Liliane Lijn: Headborn
Claudette Johnson: Standing Figure with African Masks
Gwen John: Nude Girl
Frances Hodgkins: Flatford Mill
Susan Hiller: Belshazzar's Feast, the Writing on Your Wall
Amelia Robertson Hill: Percy Bysshe Shelley
Barbara Hepworth: Spring, 1957 (Project for Sculpture)
Dora Gordine: Javanese Head

Gallery

William Hogarth, The Painter and his Pug, 1745
Thomas Gainsborough, Giovanna Baccelli, 1782
William Blake, Newton, 1785
Joshua Reynolds, The Age of Innocence, 1788
John Constable, Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River), 1816
William Blake, Satan Smiting Job with Sore Boils, c. 1826
John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, 1831
J. M. W. Turner, Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth, 1842
J. M. W. Turner, Peace - Burial at Sea, 1842
J. M. W. Turner, Norham Castle, Sunrise, 1845
Sir John Everett Millais, Ophelia, 1851–52
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, The Beloved, 1865–66
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge, c. 1872–1875
Frederic Leighton, An Athlete Wrestling with a Python, 1877
John Singer Sargent, Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, 1885
John William Waterhouse, The Magic Circle, 1886
George Frederic Watts, Hope, 1886
John William Waterhouse, The Lady of Shalott, 1888
Anna Lea Merritt, Love Locked Out, 1890
David Bomberg, The Mud Bath, 1914

Statue of Millais

When the Pre-Raphaelite painter and President of the Royal Academy, John Everett Millais, died in 1896, the Prince of Wales (later to become King Edward VII) chaired a memorial committee, which commissioned a statue of the artist.^[23] The sculpture, by Thomas Brock, was installed at the front of the gallery in the garden on the east side in 1905. On 23 November that year, The Pall Mall Gazette called it "a breezy statue, representing the man in the characteristic attitude in which we all knew him".^[23]

In 1953, Tate Director, Sir Norman Reid, attempted to have it replaced by Rodin's John the Baptist, and in 1962 again proposed its removal, calling its presence "positively harmful". His efforts were frustrated by the statue's owner, the Ministry of Works. Ownership was transferred from the Ministry to English Heritage in 1996, and by them in turn to the Tate.^[23] In 2000 the statue was removed to the rear of the building.^[23]

Transport connections

Service	Station/Stop	Lines/Routes served	Distance from Tate Britain
London Buses	Tate Britain	87
London Underground	Pimlico		0.4-mile walk^[24]
National Rail	Vauxhall	South Western Railway	0.5-mile walk^[25]
London River Services	Millbank Millennium Pier	Tate to Tate	0.2-mile walk^[26]