Swarm robotic platforms apply swarm robotics[1] in multi-robot collaboration.[2] They take inspiration from nature (e.g. collective problem solving mechanisms seen in nature such as honey bee aggregation[3][4]). The main goal is to control a large number of robots (with limited sensing/processing ability) to accomplish a common task/problem. Hardware limitation and cost of robot platforms limit current research in swarm robotics to mostly performed by simulation software (e.g. Stage,[5] ARGoS[6]). On the other hand, simulation of swarm scenarios that needs large numbers of agents is extremely complex and often inaccurate due to poor modelling of external conditions and limitation of computation.
AMiR[7] is a low-cost swarm robotic platform, developed as an open-source / open-hardware mobile robot. Many researches mostly on honeybee aggregation[3] (BEECLUST) was conducted with AMiR (e.g. Fuzzy decisioning[4]).
Alice is a swarm robotic platform built in a very small package size. Alice has been used in many swarm research applications such as the embodiment of cockroach aggregation.[8]
Cellulo[9][10] is one of the world's first tangible swarm robot platforms, combining autonomous swarms with haptic-enabled multi-user tangible interaction. Initially invented as an educational platform, research is now being conducted on rehabilitation, gaming and human-computer interaction with Cellulo in addition to education.
Cellulo robots in a tangible swarm interaction scenario.
Droplets are an open hard- and software experimental platform for large-scale swarming research.[15][16][17] The team raised funds via crowdfunding to build 1000 of these 'Droplets'.[18] Infinite experiments due to a powered floor that doubles as global communication medium for swarm programming.[19]
E-puck[21] is one of the most successful robots and was primarily designed for educational purposes. However, due to its simplicity, it is frequently employed in swarm robotics research as well. It has user replaceable batteries and an autonomy time of 2-4 h.
Kilobot[26] is a relatively recent swarm robotic platform with novel functions such as group charging and group programming. Due to its simplicity and low power consumption, it has a long autonomy time of up to 24 h. Robots are charged manually in groups in a special charging station.
Kobot[27] is a mobile robot specifically designed for swarm robotic research. It has several sensors that makes it an ideal platform for implementing various swarm robotic scenarios such as coordinated motion. It has approximately 10 h of autonomy time. It has a user replaceable battery which is recharged manually. It has been used in implementation of a self-organised flocking scenario.[28]
Mona[31] is an open-source robot mainly designed to test the proposed Perpetual Robotic Swarm.[32] It has been designed as a modular platform allowing deployment of additional modules that are attached on top of the platform, such as wireless communication or a vision board. Latest version of the robot was developed as a robotic platform for education and research purposes.
S-bot[35] is one of the most influential and capable swarm robotic platforms ever built. s-bots have a unique gripper design capable of gripping objects and other s-bots. They have an autonomy time of approximately 1 h.
Spiderino[37] is a low-cost research robot based on the locomotion unit of a Hexbug spider toy. The modification replaces the robot head with a 3D-printed adapter, consisting of two parts to provide space for sensors, a larger battery, and a printed circuit board (PCB) with an Arduino microcontroller, Wi-Fi module, and motor controller.
SwarmBot[38] is another successful platform developed for swarm robotics research. It has approximately 3 h of autonomy time and robots are able to find and dock to charging stations which are placed on walls.
Acoustic swarm[41] is a platform where tiny robots cooperate with each other using acoustic signals to navigate with centimeter-level accuracy. The swarm devices spread out across a surface as well as navigate back to the charging station where they can be recharged.
References
^H. Hamann, Swarm Robotics: A Formal Approach, Springer, New York, 2018.[ISBN missing]
^Arvin, Farshad, et al. "Colias: An Autonomous Micro-robot for Robotic Swarm Applications." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 11 (2014): 113.
^Na, S. et al. (2020) ‘Bio-inspired artificial pheromone system for swarm robotics applications’, Adaptive Behavior. doi: 10.1177/1059712320918936.
^Hu, Cheng, et al. "A Bio-inspired Embedded Vision System for Autonomous Micro-robots: the LGMD Case", IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, 2016.
^ ab"Droplets". Correll Lab. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^Mondada, Francesco, et al. "The e-puck, a robot designed for education in engineering." Proceedings of the 9th conference on autonomous robot systems and competitions. Vol. 1. No. LIS-CONF-2009-004. IPCB: Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, 2009.
^Kernbach, Serge, et al. "Re-embodiment of honeybee aggregation behavior in an artificial micro-robotic system." Adaptive Behavior 17.3 (2009): 237-259.
^Rubenstein, Michael, et al. "Kilobot: A low cost robot with scalable operations designed for collective behaviors." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 62.7 (2014): 966-975.
^Turgut, Ali E., et al. "Kobot: A mobile robot designed specifically for swarm robotics research." Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, METUCENG-TR Tech. Rep 5 (2007)
^Turgut, Ali E., et al. "Self-organized flocking in mobile robot swarms." Swarm Intelligence 2.2-4 (2008): 97-120.
^McLurkin, James, et al. "A low-cost multi-robot system for research, teaching, and outreach." Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. 597-609.
^Mondada, Francesco, et al. "SWARM-BOT: A new distributed robotic concept." Autonomous robots 17.2-3 (2004): 193-221.
