A same-sex relationship is a romantic or sexual relationship between people of the same sex.[1][2]Same-sex marriage refers to the institutionalized recognition of such relationships in the form of a marriage; civil unions may exist in countries where same-sex marriage does not.
The term same-sex relationship is not strictly related to the sexual orientation of the participants. As people of any orientation may participate in same-sex relationships (particularly depending on the legal, social and scientific definition of sex), some activists argue that referring to a same-sex relationship as a "gay relationship" or a "lesbian relationship" is a form of bisexual erasure.[3][4]
Some contemporary studies have found that same-sex relationships can be broadly grouped into at least three categories, though there is no consensus regarding the categories, nor empirical metric which has, or could potentially be applied to strongly validate their existence:[8][9][10]
Features two partners belonging to the same generation and adhering to the same gender role associated with their sex (irrespective of their preferred sexual role(s)). This type of same-sex relationship is prevalent in modern Western societies. Egalitarian same-sex relationships are the principal form present in the Western world. As a byproduct of growing Western cultural dominance, this form is spreading from Western culture to non-Western societies although there are still defined differences between the various cultures.[citation needed]
Often, one form of same-sex relationship predominates in a society, although others are likely to co-exist. Historian Rictor Norton has pointed out[12] that in ancient Greece, egalitarian relationships co-existed (albeit less privileged) with the institution of pederasty, and fascination with adolescents can also be found in modern sexuality, both opposite-sex and same-sex. Age and gender-structured same-sex relationships are less common (though they are still significant and coexist with the postmodern egalitarian form in Latin America, where male heterosexuals and "butch" i.e. macho, active/insertive bisexuals and pansexuals can even share a single identity).[13]
The record of same-sex love has been preserved through literature and art.
In Iranian (Persian) societies, homoeroticism was present in the work of such writers as Abu Nuwas and Omar Khayyam. A large corpus of literature, numbering in the hundreds of works, fostered the shudo tradition in Japan, together with a widespread tradition of homoerotic shunga art.[14]
In the Chinese literary tradition, works such as Bian er Zhai and Jin Ping Mei, survived many purges. Today, the Japanese anime subgenre yaoi centers on gay youths. Japan is unusual in that the culture's male homoerotic art has typically been the work of female artists addressing a female audience, mirroring the case of lesbian eroticism in western art.
In the 1990s, a number of American television comedies began to feature themes on same-sex relationships and characters who expressed same-sex attractions. The 1997 coming-out of comedian Ellen DeGeneres on her show Ellen was front-page news in America and brought the show its highest ratings. However, public interest in the show swiftly declined after this, and the show was cancelled after one more season. Immediately afterward, Will & Grace, which ran from 1998 to 2006 on NBC, became the most successful series to date focusing on male-male sexual relationships. Showtime's Queer as Folk, running from 2000 to 2005, was noted for its somewhat frank depiction of gay life, as well as its vivid sex scenes, containing the first simulated explicit sex scene between two men shown on American television.
State protections and prohibitions regarding (romantic or sexual) same-sex couples vary by jurisdiction. In some locations, same-sex couples are extended full marriage rights just as opposite-sex couples, and in other locations they may be extended limited protections or none at all. Policy also varies regarding the adoption of children by same-sex couples.
In their essential psychological respects, these relationships were regarded as equivalent to opposite-sex relationships in a brief amici curiae of the American Psychological Association, California Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, National Association of Social Workers, and National Association of Social Workers, California Chapter.[17]
Same-sex couples can legally marry in all U.S. states and receive both state-level and federal benefits.[18] Also, several states offer civil unions or domestic partnerships, granting all or part of the state-level rights and responsibilities of marriage. Though more than 30 states have constitutional restrictions on marriage, all states must recognize same-sex marriages following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges. All the laws restricting marriage to one man and one woman are therefore unconstitutional and unenforceable.
LGBT parenting is when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people are parents to one or more children, either as biological or non-biological parents. Same-sex male couples face options which include: "foster care, variations of domestic and international adoption, diverse forms of surrogacy (whether "traditional" or gestational), and kinship arrangements, wherein they might coparent with a woman or women with whom they are intimately but not sexually involved."[19] LGBT parents can also include single people who are parenting; to a lesser extent, the term sometimes refers to families with LGBT children.
In the 2000 U.S. Census, 33 percent of female same-sex couple households and 22 percent of male same-sex couple households reported at least one child under eighteen living in their home.[20] The 2008 general social survey shows that LGBT parents raising children showed 49% were lesbian and bisexual women and 19% were bisexual or gay men. In the United States from 2007 to 2011 the negative public attitude condemning same sex parenting dropped from 50% to 35%.[21] Some children do not know they have an LGBT parent; coming out issues vary and some parents may never come out to their children.[22][23]LGBT parenting in general, and adoption by LGBT couples may be controversial in some countries. In January 2008, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex couples have the right to adopt a child.[24] In the U.S., LGBT people can legally adopt in all states.[25] Though estimates vary, as many as 2 million to 3.7 million U.S. children under age 18 may
have a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender parent, and about 200,000 are being raised by same-sex couples.[26]
There is ample evidence to show that children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parents' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment. This data has demonstrated no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with one or more gay parents.[27] No research supports the widely held conviction that the gender of parents matters for child well-being.[28] It is well-established that both men and women have the capacity to be good parents, and that having parents of both binary sexes does not enhance adjustment. The methodologies used in the major studies of same-sex parenting meet the standards for research in the field of developmental psychology and psychology generally. They constitute the type of research that members of the respective professions consider reliable.[29] If gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents were inherently less capable than otherwise comparable heterosexual parents, their children would evidence problems regardless of the type of sample. This pattern clearly has not been observed. Given the consistent failures in this research literature to disprove the null hypothesis, the burden of empirical proof is on those who argue that the children of sexual minority parents fare worse than the children of heterosexual parents.[30]
Types of relationships vary from one couple to another. Some relationships are meant to be temporary, casual, or anonymous sex. Other relationships are more permanent, being in a committed relationship with one another.
On the basis of openness, all romantic relationships are of 2 types: open and closed. Closed relationships are strictly against romantic or sexual activity of partners with anyone else outside the relationships. In an open relationship, all partners remain committed to each other, but allow themselves and their partner to have relationships with others.
On the basis of number of partners, they are of 2 types: monoamorous and polyamorous. A monoamorous relationship is between only two individuals. A polyamorous relationship is among three or more individuals.
Some couples may choose to keep their relationship secret, because of family upbringing, religion, pressure from friends/family, or other reasons.
The names of legal same-sex relationships vary depending on the laws of the land. Same-sex relationships may be legally recognized in the form of marriage, civil unions, domestic partnerships, or registered partnerships.
Equally, not all people with a bisexual or homosexual orientation seek same-sex relationships. According to a 1990 study of The Social Organization of Sexuality, out of 131 women and 108 men who self-reported same-sex attraction, only 43 men (40%) and 42 women (32%) had participated in gay sex.[42] In comparison, a survey by the Family Pride Coalition showed that 50% of gay men had fathered children[43] and 75% of lesbians had children,[44] and even more have had straight sex without having children.
Restrictions of association with arrests or detention
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law. 2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
In the United States, the Supreme Court invalidated all sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas in 2003. 47 out of 50 states had repealed any specifically anti-homosexual-conduct laws at the time.
Some other countries criminalize homosexual acts. In a handful of countries, all of which are Muslim countries, it remains a capital crime. In a highly publicized case, two male teenagers, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, were hanged in Iran in 2005 reportedly because they had been caught having sex with each other.[47]
Men who have sex with men (MSM) refers to men who engage in sexual activity with other men, regardless of how they identify themselves; many choose not to accept social identities of gay or bisexual.[48]
The term was created in the 1990s by epidemiologists in order to study the spread of disease among men who have sex with men, regardless of identity.[49] As a risk category, MSM are not limited to small, self-identified, and visible sub-populations. MSM and gay refer to different things: behaviors and social identities. MSM refers to sexual activities between men, regardless of how they identify whereas gay can include those activities but is more broadly seen as a cultural identity. MSM is often used in medical literature and social research to describe such men as a group for clinical study without considering issues of self-identification.
As with any sexual relationship, people may begin with various forms of foreplay such as fondling, caressing, and kissing, and may or may not experiment with other practices, as they see fit. Sex between males can include manual sex, frot, intercrural sex, oral sex and anal sex.
Women who have sex with women (WSW) is a term used to identify women who have sex with other women, but may or may not self-identify as lesbian or bisexual. Sex between two females can include tribadism and frottage, manual sex, oral sex, and the use of sex toys for vaginal, anal, or oral penetration or clitoral stimulation. As with any sexual relationship, people may begin with various forms of foreplay such as fondling, caressing, and kissing, and may or may not experiment with other practices, as they see fit.
Religions have had differing views about love and sexual relations between people of the same sex. A large proportion of the Abrahamic sects view sexual relationships outside of a heterosexual marriage, including sex between same-sex partners, negatively, though there are groups within each faith that disagree with orthodox positions and challenge their doctrinal authority. The Bible can also be understood literally, as homosexuality is viewed as sinful and problematic.[50] Opposition to homosexual behavior ranges from quietly discouraging displays and activities to those who explicitly forbid same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexual relationships. Support of homosexual behavior is reflected in the acceptance of sexually heterodox individuals in all functions of the church, and the sanctification of same-sex unions. Furthermore, liberal Christians may not consider same-sex relations to be sinful.[50] Jews, Mainline Protestants and the religiously unaffiliated tend to be more supportive of gay and lesbian relationships.[51]
Some churches have changed their doctrine to accommodate same-sex relationships. Reform Judaism, the largest branch of Judaism outside Israel has begun to facilitate religious same-sex marriages for adherents in their synagogues. Jewish Theological Seminary, considered to be the flagship institution of Conservative Judaism, decided in March 2007 to begin accepting applicants in same-sex relationships, after scholars who guide the movement lifted the ban on ordaining people in same-sex relationships.[52] In 2005, the United Church of Christ became the largest Christian denomination in the United States to formally endorse same-sex marriage.
On the other hand, the Anglican Communion encountered discord that caused a rift between the African (except Southern Africa) and Asian Anglican churches on the one hand and North American churches on the other when American and Canadian churches openly ordained clergy in same-sex relations and began same-sex unions. Other churches such as the Methodist Church had experienced trials of clergy in same-sex relations who some claimed were a violation of religious principles resulting in mixed verdicts dependent on geography.
Some religious groups have even promoted boycotts of corporations whose policies support same-sex relations. In early 2005, the American Family Association threatened a boycott of Ford products to protest Ford's perceived support of "the homosexual agenda and homosexual marriage".[53]
^Boswell, John (1989). "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories"(PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID34904667. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-03-04.
^Sandfort, Theo, ed. (2000). "Queering Anthropology". Lesbian and Gay Studies: An Introductory, Interdisciplinary Approach. London/NY: Routledge. ISBN978-0-7619-5418-7.
^Hames, Raymond B.; Garfield, Zachary H.; Garfield, Melissa J. (2017). Is Male Androphilia a Context-Dependent Cross-Cultural Universal?. Archives of Sexual Behavior 46, pp. 63–71; Anthropology Faculty Publications 132. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/132.
^Cardoso F. L. (2005). "Cultural Universals and Differences in Male Homosexuality: The Case of a Brazilian Fishing Village". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (1): 103–109. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1004-x. PMID15772773. S2CID28100810.
^Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire, passim
Berkowitz, Dana; Marsiglio, William (May 2007). "Gay Men: Negotiating Procreative, Father, and Family Identities". Journal of Marriage and Family. 69 (2): 366–381. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00371.x.
^ abPawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID16818585.
^Stacey, Judith; Biblarz, Timothy J (April 2001). "(How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parent's Matter?". American Sociological Review. 66 (2): 159–183. doi:10.2307/2657413. JSTOR2657413.
^Weeks, Jeff (January 1981). Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800. London: Longman Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-582-48334-7.
^Sullivan, Andrew (2003-04-03). "We're all sodomists now". The New Republic Online. Archived from the original on September 7, 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
Operario D; Burton J; Underhill K; Sevelius J (January 2008). "Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention". AIDS Behav. 12 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y. PMID17705095. S2CID31831055.
^ abAdamczyk, Amy; Kim, Chunrye; Paradis, Lauren (2015). "Investigating Differences in How the News Media Views Homosexuality Across Nations: An Analysis of the United States, South Africa, and Uganda". Sociological Forum. 30 (4): 6. doi:10.1111/socf.12207.
^"Family group to boycott Ford for its gay support.(American Family Association (AFA))(Brief Article)." PR Week (US) (June 6, 2005): 02. General Reference Center Gold. Thomson Gale. Newport News Public Library System. 7 April 2007.
Міністерство оборони України (Міноборони) Емблема Міністерства оборони та Прапор Міністерства оборони Будівля Міністерства оборони у КиєвіЗагальна інформаціяКраїна УкраїнаДата створення 24 серпня 1991Попередні відомства Міністерство оборони СРСР Народний комісаріа…
James RandiJames Randi en 2009.BiographieNaissance 7 août 1928TorontoDécès 20 octobre 2020 (à 92 ans)PlantationNom de naissance Randall James Hamilton ZwingeNationalité Canadien, AméricainFormation École du dimancheActivités Philosophe, écrivain, prestidigitateur, illusionnistePériode d'activité 1946-2015Conjoint Deyvi Orangel Peña Arteaga (d) (de 2013 à 2020)Autres informationsMembre de Mouvement des brightsMouvement AthéismeSite web (en) www.randi.orgDistinc…
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولجائحة فيروس كورونا SARS-CoV-2 (الفيروس) COVID-19 (المرض) خط زمني التسلسل الزمني 2019 نوفمبر-ديسمبر 2020 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل المواقع المناطق 2019–20 أفريقيا 2020 آسيا 2020 أوروبا 2020 أمريكا الشمالية 2020 أوقيانوسيا 2020 أمريكا الجنوبية 2020 السفن السياحية العزل الصحي النمسا …
Liga Dunia Bola Voli FIVBLiga Dunia Bola Voli FIVBOlahragaBola voliDidirikan1990Dibubarkan2017Jumlah tim12 dalam Grup 112 dalam Grup 212 dalam Grup 3BenuaInternasional (FIVB)Juaraterakhir Prancis (gelar ke-2)Juara terbanyak Brasil (9 gelar) Liga Dunia Bola Voli FIVB (Inggris: FIVB Volleyball World League) atau hanya disebut World League adalah kompetisi bola voli internasional putra yang diselenggarakan setiap tahun oleh Federasi Bola Voli Internasional (FIVB). Versi wanita dari kompet…
South Korean entertainment agency MLD EntertainmentNative nameMLD 엔터테인먼트Company typePrivateIndustryMusicGenreK-popFounded2015FounderDuble SidekickHeadquartersSouth KoreaKey peopleLee Hyung-jin[1]Websitewww.mldenter.com MLD Entertainment (formerly known as Duble Kick Entertainment; Korean: MLD 엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean entertainment agency and record label founded in 2015 by Duble Sidekick. The agency currently manages several artists, including Cheetah, H…
2005 single by Depeche Mode A Pain That I'm Used ToSingle by Depeche Modefrom the album Playing the Angel B-sideNewbornReleased12 December 2005StudioSound Design (Santa Barbara, California)Length 4:11 (album version) 3:23 (radio edit 1) 3:27 (radio edit 2) LabelMuteSongwriter(s)Martin GoreProducer(s)Ben HillierDepeche Mode singles chronology Precious (2005) A Pain That I'm Used To (2005) Suffer Well (2006) Music videoA Pain That I'm Used To on YouTube A Pain That I'm Used To is a song by English…
Scouting council in Georgia, US Flint River Council (#095)OwnerBoy Scouts of AmericaHeadquartersGriffin, GeorgiaCountryUnited StatesCoordinates33°12′50″N 84°16′53″W / 33.214°N 84.28148°W / 33.214; -84.28148 Websitewww.flintrivercouncil.org Scouting portal Flint River Council is a Boy Scouts of America council based in Griffin, Georgia. The council is divided into four districts Coweta, Fayette, Ronotohatchi, and Tussahaw. History The council was founded i…
Someone who claims to be rightful holder of a throne that is vacant or held by another This article is about the term pretender as applied to monarchies. For other uses, see Pretender (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Pretender – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Augus…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Steamboats of the Mississippi – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when…
U.S. Navy ceremony For the fire engine ritual, see Wetdown. For the ceremonial water salute, see Water salute. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies lar…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع نصر أباد (توضيح). نصر آباد نصرآباد تقسيم إداري البلد إيران[1] المحافظة أصفهان المقاطعة مقاطعة أصفهان الناحية Jarqavieh Sofla خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 32°16′46″N 52°03′48″E / 32.27944°N 52.06333°E / 32.27944; 52.06333 الارتفاع 1615 متر السكان التعداد السكاني 5751 …
American reality court show This article is about the court show. For the eponymous judge of the show, see Judy Sheindlin. Judge JudyGenreArbitration-based reality court showCreated byKaye SwitzerSandi SpreckmanDirected byRandy Douthit[1]Presented by Judge Judy Sheindlin Bailiff Petri Hawkins-Byrd Narrated byMichael J. StullJerry Bishop[2]Steve KamerTheme music composerFred LapidesBill BodineNon-Stop Music ProductionsOpening themeSymphony No. 5, First movement by Ludwig van Beeth…
هذه المقالة بحاجة لمراجعة خبير مختص في مجالها. يرجى من المختصين في مجالها مراجعتها وتطويرها. سوق مالية سوق تداول - سند ضمان سوق السندات تقييم السندات [لغات أخرى] سندات الشركة دخل ثابت سند سيادي الديون ذات العائد المرتفع Municipal bond توريق سوق الأسهم المالية سهم عادي سهم …
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten EnrekangDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Enrekang2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral Jangka waktu5 tahunSejarahSesi baru dimulai21 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaMuh. Idris Sadik, S.Sos., M.M. (Golkar) sejak 4 Oktober 2019 Wakil Ketua IIkrar Eran Batu (NasDem) sejak 21 Oktober 2019 Wakil Ketua IIAbdurrachman Zulkarnain, S.E. (PAN) sejak 4 Oktober 2019 KomposisiAnggota30Partai & kursi PDI-P (1) NasDem (5) Hanura (2) &…
جواز سفر كوري شماليالغلاف الأمامي للجواز السفر الكوري الشمالي البيومتريمعلومات عامةنوع المستند جواز سفرالغرض التعريف (هوية شخصية)صادر عن كوريا الشماليةصالح في كوريا الشماليةمتطلبات الاستحقاق الجنسية الكورية الشماليةتعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات ويجوز إصدار جوا…
The list of shipwrecks in the 16th century includes ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost between (and including) the years 1501 to 1600. 1501–1510 1502 11 July El Dorado: The Spanish carrack sank during a hurricane in the Mona Channel between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico with the loss of all on board. El Dorado was the flagship of a thirty-two strong fleet heading for Spain. Sources vary but at least another sixteen ships were also wrecked.[1] 11 July Santa Maria del Antigua: Part of th…
العلاقات السيشلية الغانية سيشل غانا سيشل غانا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات السيشلية الغانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين سيشل وغانا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة سيشل غانا المساحة (كم2…