Onera Amelia Merritt-Hawkes

Onéra Amelia Merritt-Hawkes (15 February 1877 – 19 July 1951) was an American-English zoologist, eugenicist, traveller and writer. Born in New York City, she moved to England where she lived for most of her life. In 1935 she published an account of her travels in Persia (current day Iran) and the next year she wrote on her travels through Mexico. From 1940 she went by the name of Mary Weston in the books that she wrote.

Life and work

Onéra Amelia Merritt was born Mary Weston in New York City to Charlotta and McDuff Stewart. The family moved to Jamaica in 1888 due to economic difficulties and at the age of thirteen she went to a boarding school in England. She received a BSc in zoology from University College London in 1903 (with the name recorded as Millie Merritt) and an MSc from the University of Birmingham. She worked briefly as a zoology instructor 1903–04 at Wellesley College.[1] She married Birmingham dentist Richard John James Hawkes.

She travelled to Persia in 1933 from Bushehr to Basra through Shiraz, Yazd, Tehran and Isfahan which resulted in a book published in 1935, Persia: Romance and Reality. As a woman she was able to interact with women in Iranian society unlike most western male travel writers of the period. She went through a divorce before World War II and changed her name but she retained her married surname in some works. She wrote High Up in Mexico (1936) and in 1944 she wrote My Friend America under the name of Mary Weston.[2]

Merritt-Hawkes worked on the anatomy of elasmobranchs after her MSc.[3][4] She conducted experiments on silkworms Philosamia from 1917 to 1920. She also conducted studies on other insects.[5][6][7][8] She was a member of the Eugenics Society, examined human genetic traits, collected pedigree charts,[9] and wrote on the genealogies of notable people.[10][11][12][13][14][15] She also had an interest in music,[16] governance[17] and global demographic growth.[18]

At the World Congress for Sexual Reform and Sex Education at Copenhagen in July 1928 she called for better education on anatomy and physiology at school.[19] In a 1937 letter, she wrote that the public lectures of J. B. S. Haldane had damaged the work of the Eugenics Society and their support for the Brock Report.[20]

Her name change may have been due to her association with eugenics and the rise of the Nazi regime.[21] She wrote an autobiography, One American Child (1935). She died at a Cheltenham nursing home and her death was recorded under the name of Merritt-Hawkes.

References

1. Wellesley College Bulletin. Wellesley College Record 1875-1912. General catalogue of officers and students. Wellesley, Massachusetts. 1912. p. xx.
2. Farnam, Maria; Ghaderi, Farah (2021-07-03). "Merritt-Hawkes' Becoming-Persian in Persia: Romance and Reality". Gender, Place & Culture. 28 (7): 1040–1057. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2020.1786019. ISSN 0966-369X.
3. Hawkes, Onèra A. Merritt (1905). "The Presence of a Vestigial Sixth Branchial Arch in the Heterodontidæ". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 40 (Pt 1): 81–84. PMC 1287342. PMID 17232666.
4. Hawkes, O. A. Merritt (1907). "On the Abdominal Viscera and a Vestigial Seventh Branchial Arch in Chamydoselachus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (3): 471–478. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06942.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
5. Merritt-Hawkes, O.A.M. (1920). "Observations on the life-history, biology and genetics of the lady-bird beetle, Adalia bipunctata (Mulsant)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 90 (4): 475–490. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1920.tb03241.x.
6. Hawkes, O.A.M. (1918). "Studies in inheritance in the hybrid Philosamia (Attacus) ricini(Boisd) × Philosamia cynthia (Drury)". Journal of Genetics. 7 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1007/BF02984316.
7. Merritt-Hawkes, O.A.M. (1926). "On the Massing of the Ladybird, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera), in the Yosemite Valley". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 96 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1926.tb07121.x.
8. Hawkes, Onèra A. Merritt (1917). "XXII. On the Factors which determine the Cocoon Colour of Plusia moneta and other Lepidoptera". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 64 (3–4): 404–411. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1917.tb03142.x. ISSN 0035-8894.
9. Merritt-Hawkes, O. A. (1945). "Request for pedigrees". The Eugenics Review. 36 (4): 137. PMC 2986194. PMID 21260475.
10. Hawkes, Onera A. Merritt (1914). "On the relative lengths of the first and second toes of the human foot, from the point of view of occurrence, anatomy and heredity". Journal of Genetics. 3 (4): 249–274. doi:10.1007/BF02981794. ISSN 0022-1333.
11. Merritt-Hawkes, O.A. (1929). "The Leunbach family: a Danish family with American Indian blood". Journal of Heredity. 20: 469–479. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103105.
12. Hawkes, O. A. Merritt (1924). "The Ancestry of the Prince of Wales". Journal of Heredity. 15 (7): 275–290. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a102471. ISSN 1465-7333.
13. Hawkes, O. A. Merritt (1928). "Healthy growth". The Eugenics Review. 20 (2): 114–116. PMC 2984748.
14. Merritt-Hawkes, O A (1928). "Over-Population". The English Review: 218–223.
15. Merritt-Hawkes, O A (1935). "Woman and Music". British Musician and Musical News, Birmingham. 11 (119): 257–258.
16. Merritt-Hawkes, O A (1936). "Oriental music". British Musician and Musical News. 13 (122): 40–41.
17. Merritt-Hawkes, O A (1930). "How Shall We Get Democracy?". The English Review, 1908-1937: 305–312.
18. Merritt-Hawkes, O. A. (1928). "The Population Conference at Geneva". Journal of Heredity. 19 (7): 313–315. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103007. ISSN 1465-7333.
19. "Notes and memoranda". The Eugenics Review. 20 (3): 188–192. 1928. PMC 2984780.
20. "Mrs D A Merritt-Hawkes". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 2024-07-30.
21. Sylph, Ann. "Women in Zoology : moving into the 20th century". Journal of Zoology. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1469-7998.

External links

• Persia: Romance And Reality (1935)
• Biographical notes