November 7, 1962: Former First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt dies at age 78November 13, 1962: Joseph, father of Jesus, added to veneration by Pope John XXIII
Mars 1, also known as Sputnik 24, was launched by the Soviet Union as part of its Mars program, with an expected arrival date of June.[1] The probe would come within 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of Mars on June 19, 1963, but the system that adjusted the probe's antenna to maintain contact with Earth would fail on March 21, 1963.[2]
The United States resumed its arms blockade of ships bound for Cuba, after a two-day suspension during which negotiations had taken place.[3] Meanwhile, the Soviet Union began dismantling its missiles there.
Soviet scientist Lev Landau was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physics in recognition of "his pioneering theories for condense matter, especially liquid helium".[5]
The first issue of the comic series Diabolik was published in Italy.[6]
A final agreement was reached between the Soviet Union and the United States on the terms for Soviet removal of nuclear missiles from Cuba and American verification. U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced the plan, resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis on television that evening.[11]
In response to the Sino-Indian War, the United States began airlifting weapons to India, with U.S. Air Force C-130 transport planes transporting mountain artillery from its West German bases to match the weaponry of the People's Republic of China.[12]
The earliest use of the term "personal computer" by the media was made in The New York Times in a story about John W. Mauchly's speech the day before to the American Institute of Industrial Engineers. Mauchly, "inventor of some of the original room-size computers" said that "in a decade or so", everyone would have their own computer with "exchangeable wafer-thin data storage files to provide inexhaustible memories and answer most problems". Mauchly was quoted as saying, "There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girl cannot be master of a personal computer."[14]
A group of bandits murdered 25 passengers and the driver on a bus that was traveling near the city of Neiva, Huila in Colombia. The group appeared on the road, ordered the bus to stop, fired guns inside and then hacked the occupants to death with machetes. Six other people survived the attack with injuries.[15]
As the state of emergency in India continued, the Defence of India Ordinance took effect. President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan suspended Article 21 (preventing the deprivation of life or liberty without due process) and Article 22 (prohibiting "preventive detention") of the Constitution of India.[16]
In what one author describes as a milestone in the term "country music" replacing what had been referred to as "country and western", Billboard magazine renamed its "Hot C&W Singles" chart to "Hot Country Singles" and stopped referring to "western" music altogether.[17]
The United States conducted an atmospheric nuclear test for the last time, and all of its tests since then have been made underground. The Soviet Union would halt atmospheric testing less than two months later, the last explosion being on Christmas Day. The last atmospheric test ever would be by China on October 16, 1980.[19]
Died:Enos, 5, the only chimpanzee to orbit the Earth. Enos was sent up by the U.S. aboard the Mercury-Atlas 5 (MA-5) spacecraft three months before John Glenn's orbital flight. The chimpanzee had been sick and under night and day observation and treatment for two months before his death. He was afflicted with shigelladysentery, a type resistant to antibiotics, and this caused his death. Officials at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, where Enos died, said that there was "no connection with the two-orbit space flight the chimp made Nov. 29, 1961."[4][21]
President Ayub Khan of Pakistan was given a note from U.S. Ambassador Walter P. McConaughy, on authorization from President Kennedy, which said that "The Government of the United States of America reaffirms its previous assurances to the Government of Pakistan that it will come to Pakistan's assistance in the event of aggression from India against Pakistan." The existence of the pledge was kept secret, but in 1971, National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger would reveal its existence to Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet Ambassador to the U.S.[22]
A coal mining disaster in Ny-Ålesund, on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, killed 21 people.[23] The Norwegian government would be forced to resign in August 1963 in the aftermath of this accident.
Saudi Arabia broke off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest partly caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt.
In midterm elections in the United States, the ruling Democratic Party maintained control of the House of Representatives (261–174) and increased its majority in the Senate (64–36). Former U.S. Vice-president Richard M. Nixon, who had narrowly lost the 1960 presidential election to John F. Kennedy, was heavily defeated in his bid to become Governor of California, while the President's younger brother, 30-year-old Teddy Kennedy, was elected U.S. Senator for Massachusetts.[26]
In his first meeting with his cabinet, Saudi Arabia's Prime Minister and Crown Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (who would become the King in 1964) announced the immediate abolition of slavery within the Kingdom and plans to have the government pay owners for the manumission of their slaves as part of a program of modernization and reform.[27][28]
The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning South Africa's racist apartheid policies and called for all UN member states to cease military and economic relations with the nation. The result was 67 in favor, 16 against (including the U.S., the UK, France, Japan, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa), and 27 abstaining.[29]
James E. Mills, the editor of the Birmingham Post-Herald, was arrested for violating Alabama's state election laws after publishing an editorial in that newspaper, urging voters to support a proposed change in city government. Under the law, soliciting votes on election day was a criminal offense. A trial court initially dismissed the charges as an unconstitutionally-broad interpretation of the law against electioneering on the day of an election, but the Alabama Supreme Court would reverse the dismissal and send the case back to trial. On May 23, 1966, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Mills v. Alabama, would reverse the Alabama Court, with Justice Hugo Black noting that "Suppression of the right of the press to... contend for or against change, which was all this editorial did, muzzles one of the very agencies the framers of our Constitution thoughtfully and deliberately selected to improve our society and keep it free."[30]
B. F. Goodrich delivered a prototype full-pressure suit to MSC for evaluation by Life Systems Division. The partial-wear feature of this suit, demanded by the long-duration missions planned for the Gemini program, comprised detachable sleeves, legwear and helmets. MSC requested Goodrich to provide 14 more suits based on this design, varying only in size. The prototype suit was designated as G-2G-1 and the remaining suits were designated G-2G-2 through G-2G-15. MSC requested extensive design changes after evaluating G-2G-1. The final model, was G-2G-8, would be delivered to MSC on January 21 but would later be rejected in favor of a different Gemini space suit designed by David Clark Company, Inc.. The Clark suit would incorporate Goodrich helmets, gloves, and additional hardware.[24]
Soviet Premier Khrushchev announced that the withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba was complete. By agreement of the two superpowers, the United States Navy searched all Soviet vessels leaving Cuba to ensure that the missiles were being transported back to the USSR, and over the next three days, all 42 ballistic missiles had passed through the inspection,[32] bringing an end to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
South African dissident Nelson Mandela began a five-year prison sentence. Partway through his time behind bars, he was indicted and convicted for other crimes, and remained in prison for an additional 22 years, until 1990. In 1994, he would be elected the first black President of South Africa.[33]
The morning after losing his race for California Governor, a bitter Richard M. Nixon told reporters that "You don't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference".[34] After his "last press conference", Nixon would not hold an event for a year, but would appear at a conference on November 11, 1963.[35]
Glenn Hall, goalie for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League, ended his streak of consecutive games at 552, taking himself out of the game against the visiting Boston Bruins ten minutes after it started. "It was the first time he missed a minute of play since the first game of the 1955–56 season," a wire service report noted.[38]
November 9, 1962: Damaged North American X-15-2 after emergency landing
American test pilotJohn B. McKay was seriously injured in a forced landing of a North American X-15 spaceplane at Mud Lake, Nevada. Although McKay's injuries did not appear to be disabling at the time, they would eventually shorten his career.[40]
The first Project Gemini sled ejection test was conducted at Naval Ordnance Test Station. Despite its designation, this test did not call for seats actually to be ejected. Its purpose was to provide data on the aerodynamic drag of the test vehicle and to prove the test vehicle's structural soundness in preparation for future escape system tests. The test vehicle, mounted by boilerplate spacecraft No. 3, was a rocket-propelled sled running on tracks. The boilerplate spacecraft was severely damaged when one of the sled motors broke loose and penetrated the heatshield, causing a fire which destroyed much instrumentation and equipment.[24]
Evacuation of the Indian state of Assam began as troops from China invaded India in the course of the Sino-Indian War. Residents of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) prepared for a probable Chinese takeover as well. Rather than conquering Assam, however, China would later withdraw its forces.[44]
U.S. President Kennedy signed Executive Order 11063, directing an end to discrimination in public housing that received any federal assistance. However, the order was prospective only and did not apply to "low income units built or planned before November 20, 1962".[45]
Article 14 of the Indian Constitution, the right to equal protection of the laws, was suspended by Presidential order as part of the Defence of India Ordinance. The suspension of constitutional rights under Articles 15, 21 and 22 would remain in effect until January 1969.[16]
U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy attended a reception for the visiting Bolshoi Ballet troupe at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, and passed along a verbal message from U.S. President Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, to send to Soviet Premier and Party Chairman Nikita Khrushchev. In return for the USSR announcing plans to remove their Ilyushin Il-28 bombers from Cuba over a 30-day period, President Kennedy said, the U.S. would end its blockade.[50]
Two hand surgeons, Dr. Harold E. Kleinert and Dr. Mort Kasdan, performed the first successful revascularization of a severed digit (in this case, a partially amputated thumb) on a human patient, reconnecting the dorsal veins in order to restore function to the hand. The procedure took place at the University of Louisville hospital.[51]
After American philatelists discovered a rare printing error, known to collectors now as the Dag Hammarskjöld invert, that affected 400 of the hundreds of thousands of four-cent commemorative stamps, U.S. Postmaster General J. Edward Day ordered 400,000 identical misprints in order to reduce the value of the original goofs, and commented, "The Post Office Department isn't run as a jackpot operation."[52] The mistake, which had changed the background on two sheets of 200 stamps, had been the first by the U.S. Post Office in 44 years and made each 4-cent issue worth as much as 350 dollars to collectors.[53] Collector Leonard Sherman, who had purchased an unbroken sheet of 50 inverts, saw a potential fortune of $175,000 get deflated to $2.[54]
Eritrea, for ten years an autonomous unit that was part of a federation with Ethiopia, lost its independence as it was annexed as the 14th province of the Ethiopian Empire. With a force of Ethiopian soldiers outside the Eritrean Assembly building in the region's capital, Asmara, the Eritrean administrator, Asfaha Woldemichael, urged the Assembly to pass a resolution to unite with the "Motherland". The next day, Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie issued Order No. 27, citing the unanimous approval of the Assembly.[59] After another 18 years of war, Eritrea would regain its independence in 1991.[60]
At about 1:30 a.m., the southeast door of the Salt Lake Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, was bombed. FBI agents stated that the explosive had been wrapped around the door handles on the southeast entrance of the temple. The large wooden entrance doors were damaged by flying fragments of metal and glass, and eleven exterior windows were shattered. Damage to interior walls occurred 25 feet (7.6 m) inside the temple, but damage to the interior was minor.[61]
Archie Moore, who had reigned as boxing's world light heavyweight champion between 1952 and 1962, fought unbeaten challenger Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) in Los Angeles. Clay, who had gained a reputation as "the Louisville Lip who calls the round for a knockout and makes it come true",[62] predicted that he would win in four rounds and knocked Moore out in the fourth.
The Greek freighter Captain George, with a cargo of explosives, caught fire during a storm while sailing in the Caribbean Sea near Bermuda. The crew of 25 abandoned the ship and boarded a lifeboat, which capsized after being battered by 45-foot (14 m) high waves.[63]
Danish Defence Minister Poul Hansen resigned in order to replace the late Hans R. Knudsen as Denmark's Minister of Finance.[64]
Died:Irene Gibbons, 60, American film costume designer. Mrs. Gibbons, who billed herself simply as "Irene", checked into Room 1129 of the Knickerbocker Hotel in Los Angeles, drank heavily, wrote a suicide note and then jumped to her death.[65][66]
Tipped off by an anonymous letter to French Cultural Affairs Minister Andre Malraux, police went to a barn at Villiers-Saint-Georges and recovered 56 paintings that had been stolen on July 16, 1961. The works, taken from the Annonciade museum in Saint-Tropez, were hidden under a pile of hay and were valued at $2.2 million. The thieves, who apparently were unable to sell the masterpieces anywhere, left a message saying, "We beg forgiveness for having stolen these works of art. By giving them back we hope our crime will be forgotten."[67][68]
The Russian-language literary magazine Novy Mir published part of the novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, with the support of Soviet Communist Party Chairman Khrushchev, giving hope to authors that government censorship of literature in the USSR would be eased.[69]
The Manned Spacecraft Center presented the U.S. Department of Defense with recovery and network support requirements for the Mercury 9 mission.[4]Mercury spacecraft No. 15A was delivered to Cape Canaveral for the Mercury 10 three-day mission planned for 1963. However, that mission would be canceled after the success of the Mercury 9 launch.[4]
Nine people were killed in the capsizing of the British Seaham life-boat George Elmey as it was entering harbour after rescuing the crew of a fishing boat. All five crew and four of the five fishing boat survivors were killed.[71]
A fire broke out in a chamber at the U.S. Navy's Air Crew Equipment Laboratory during a pure oxygen test, after a faulty ground wire arced onto nearby insulation. After trying to extinguish the fire by smothering it, the crew escaped the chamber with minor burns across large parts of their bodies.[74]
The Alabama Crimson Tide, the #1 ranked college football team in the U.S. lost, 7–6, to the Georgia Tech Yellowjackets, 7–6, bringing to an end a 19-game winning streak.
Died:
Arthur Vining Davis, 95, American multimillionaire philanthropist and former chairman of the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa); he had retired in 1957 as the third-richest person in the world with assets of $400 million, comparable to $3.2 billion in 2017.
The first round of voting took place for the 482 seats in France's Chamber of Deputies, with 96 of the candidates winning a majority of the votes in their races, including 45 of Charles De Gaulle's UNR Party. The remaining 386 seats would be decided in the second round on November 25, with only a plurality of the votes required.[76]
After a three-week pause during the Sino-Indian War in China's offensive on the Indian frontier to allow reinforcement and buildup of troops, a second and more massive invasion began, with Chinese troops overrunning Indian positions in the Indian state of Assam.[77]
The explosion and sinking of the Greek liberty shipCaptain George killed 18 of its 31 crew. The 13 survivors were rescued by a British ship.[78]
A message in Morse code was transmitted from EPR (Evpatoria Planetary Radar) in the Soviet Union, directed at the planet Venus and using the second planet "as a passive reflector". The "message", however, was simply the Russian word "Mir" (МИР) which can refer to the Earth, or to peace. The medium was to repeat a pattern of signals of 30 seconds for "dash" and 10 seconds for "dot" (— —)(· ·)(· — ·).[79]
Two days after launching an offensive that threatened to overrun northeast India, China suddenly announced a unilateral ceasefire in the Sino-Indian War, effective at midnight local time, and ordered that by December 1, its troops would withdraw 20 kilometres (12 mi) behind the "line of actual control" that had existed three years earlier.[80]
In response to the Soviet Union having removed its missiles and announcing that it would remove its Il-28 bombers from Cuba, President John F. Kennedy ended the U.S. quarantine proclaimed during the Cuban Missile Crisis.[32]
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission issued the All-Channel Receiver Act, an order directing that all television sets manufactured in or imported into the United States, on or after April 30, 1964, had to be "all-channel equipped", to receive UHF channels 14 through 83 in addition to VHF channels 2 through 13.[82]
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation and the Manned Spacecraft Center terminated McDonnell's subcontract, with the CTL Division of Studebaker, for the backup Gemini heatshield. The decision came after CTL's problems in fabricating heat shield No. 1, and the success of a new McDonnell design.[24]
Born:Igor Škamperle, Slovenian mountaineer, sociologist and writer; in Trieste, Italy
A mob of at least 100 black South African members of the terrorist group Poqo (and perhaps as many as 250) marched from the township of Mbekweni and into white neighborhoods in the city of Paarl. Armed with machetes and clubs, the group surrounded the police station, while others entered homes at random, and attacked residents in the early morning hours, while others vandalized storefronts in the downtown.[83]
The second round of voting for France's Chamber of Deputies took place, as President De Gaulle's UNR party won 188 of the remaining 386 seats still contested, giving the UNR a total of 233 seats in the 482 seat Chamber, 8 short of a majority. With the support of at least 30 other candidates from other parties, the UNR had enough to form a coalition government.[88]
Mies Bouwman started presenting the first live telethon (a TV marathon fundraising show) in the Netherlands, Open Het Dorp ("Open the Village"). The show would last for 23 hours without a stop before concluding after it raised 21 million guilders, equivalent to $8.4 million U.S. dollars, worth $88 million or €84 million in 2025.[89]
The first Boeing 727 was rolled out from its hangar in Seattle, and would be flown for the first time on February 9, 1963, with Eastern Airlines putting it into commercial service a year later.[90]
U.S. Postmaster General J. Edward Day announced the "Zoning Improvement Plan" that would implement a five-digit number identifying each post office in the United States, beginning on July 1, 1963. The "ZIP Code" was initially intended for businesses that had high speed electronic data sorters, but Day said that use by private citizens would not be mandatory, noting that "We're not too concerned if Aunt Minnie doesn't put the numbers on her letter."[93][94]
At the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, Japanese artist Yoko Ono married fellow-artist Anthony Cox. At the time, the future wife of John Lennon was also married to (but separated from) composer Toshi Ichiyanagi, causing Ono to temporarily be in a state of bigamy that would be fixed by an annulment of the marriage to Cox, a divorce from Toshi, and a remarriage with Cox.[95]
The United States Armed Forces returned its defense readiness condition to DEFCON 4 after having been at DEFCON 2 since October 23 during the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis.[96]
Franz Josef Strauss was forced to resign as West Germany's Defence Minister. Strauss was relieved of his duties as a result of the "Spiegel affair", after being accused of ordering police action against the staff of the magazine Der Spiegel.[99]
^"Interact: building for the future". The Rotarian. April 1999. p. 41.
^"Nixon Crushed In Demo Romp". Miami News. November 7, 1962. p. 1.
^"Saudi Prince Frees Slaves". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 1962. p. I-4.
^Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Pattern. Rowman Altamira. p. 349.
^Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony, eds. (2003). "Apartheid". Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F. Taylor & Francis. p. 108.
^"Supreme Court Voids Curb on Election-Day Editorials". Chicago Tribune. May 24, 1966. p. 5.
^ abReisman, W. Michael; Baker, James E. (1992). Regulating Covert Action: Practices, Contexts and Policies of Covert Coercion Abroad in International and American Law. Yale University Press. p. 105.
^The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1960-1970. Zebra Press. 2004. p. 134.
^"BITTER NIXON BOWS OUT; DEMOCRATS HIKE CONTROL". Miami News. November 7, 1962. p. 1.
^"Nixon Repeats: He Won't Run", AP report in Lansing (MI) State Journal, November 12, 1963, p.1
^"Mrs. FDR Dies In New York". Miami News. November 8, 1962. p. 1.
^Beasley, Maurine H.; Shulman, Holly C.; Beasley, Henry R., eds. (2001). "Death of Eleanor Roosevelt". The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press. p. 122. ISBN0-313-30181-6.
^Raatan, T. (2008). Encyclopedia of North-East India. Isha Books. p. 25.
^Bauman, John F.; et al. (2011). The Ever-Changing American City: 1945-Present. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 64.
^West German Government (10 November 1962), Certificate, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul das Grosse Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband, des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)
^Belgian Government (10 November 1962), Certificate, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul grand corden de l'Ordre de Léopold (in French)
^Federal Research Division, Kuwait A Country Study (Kessinger Publishing, 2004) pp106-108
^"Sergeant Eric Smith GM". Aeroplane. No. May 2011. Cudham: Kelsey Publishing. p. 33. ISSN0143-7240.
^Thomas Fensch, ed., The Kennedy-Khrushchev Letters (New Century Books, 2002) pp378-379
^Susumu Tamai, et al., Experimental and Clinical Reconstructive Microsurgery (Springer, 2003) p209
^Thomas G. Mitchell, Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p192; "Paarl Race Riots", Winnipeg Free Press, November 22, 1962, p1
^"'Zip Code' to Shatter Postal Bottlenecks". Salt Lake Tribune. November 29, 1962. p. 5.
^Cortada, James W. (2007). The Digital Hand. Vol. 3: How Computers Changed the Work of American Public Sector Industries. Oxford University Press. p. 168.
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