The Soviet Union raised the price of consumer goods by more than 25 percent in order to cover higher operating expenses for the USSR's collective farm program. Butter was up 25%, and pork and beef by 30%.[1] In protest, workers walked off of the job at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Factory and the strike soon turned into an uprising.[2]
A list of the aerospace ground equipment required to handle and check out the Gemini spacecraft before flight was presented at the first spacecraft operations coordination meeting.[3]
Died:
Adolf Eichmann, 56, German SS officer and war criminal, was hanged at Israel's Ramlah prison, after his conviction for war crimes[4]
The day after price rises took effect in the Soviet Union, protests in the city of Novocherkassk were brutally suppressed in what is remembered as the Novocherkassk massacre of 23 demonstrators. Strikers marched to the center of town, where they were joined by other protesters. After word spread that some of the strike leaders had been arrested, the local Communist party headquarters was invaded, after which the group marched into the police station[2] and at 1:10 p.m., after firing a warning volley of shots, one of the units of soldiers fired into the crowd.[6] It would be revealed 30 years later that 23 people were killed, and 116 arrested. Of those arrested, seven were convicted of sedition and executed, while others received prison terms ranging from 10 to 15 years.[7] The news was kept out of the Soviet press. Months later, unofficial reports in the West referred to "hundreds" of deaths[8] and in 1976, Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book The Gulag Archipelago would report that there had been more than 70 deaths.[9][10] The Soviet government would finally confirm the killings on June 3, 1989, in an article in Komsomolskaya Pravda.[11]
El Porteñazo, a military rebellion, was launched in Venezuela.[12]
Born:Paula Newby-Fraser, Zimbabwean triathlete and eight time gold medalist in women's Ironman World Championship; in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe)[13]
Died:Vita Sackville-West, 70, English poet, novelist and landscape gardener died from cancer.[14]
All 122 passengers on Air France Flight 007 were killed, along with 8 of 10 crew members, overran the runway on takeoff from Orly Airport in Paris, at 12:29 p.m. local time. Two flight attendants survived. Most of the passengers (106 of 122) were cultural and civic leaders of the Atlanta Art Association, returning home from a tour of Europe. The Boeing 707, nicknamed the Chateau de Sully, crashed through an airport fence and into the woods near the village of Villeneuve-le-Roi.[15]
The 1954 peace agreement between India and China, which had taken effect on June 4, 1959, expired pursuant to its Article 6, "This Agreement shall remain in force for eight years". The two most populous nations in the world would fight the Sino-Indian War beginning on October 20.[16]
The Albanian parliamentary election was won by candidates of the only party on the ballot, the Communist Democratic Front, which officially received 889,868 of the 889,875 votes cast. The other seven were "no" votes against the slate of candidates.[17]
Plans to detonate an American nuclear weapon, 40 miles (64 km) above the Earth, were halted one minute and 40 seconds before the scheduled explosion. Failure of the tracking system in the Thor missile led to the decision to blow the warhead apart without an atomic blast.[19]
Bela Lapusnyik, 26, Hungarian intelligence officer, died four weeks after defecting to Austria and four days after suddenly becoming ill, apparently from poisoning. Lapusnyik had provided secrets to Western investigators until his unexpected illness.[23]
Helicopter pilot Ron Boyd led Canadian searchers to the wreckage of a Fairchild 24 single-engine plane that had been missing since August 28, 1951, along with the skeletons of Toronto Maple Leafs star Bill Barilko and pilot Henry Hudson. Another helicopter pilot, Cary Fields, had spotted signs of the wrecked plane on May 31.[35] The crash site was found about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Cochrane, Ontario,[36][37] about 35 miles (56 km) off course.
Whirlpool Corporation Research Laboratories received a contract to provide the Project Gemini food and waste management system, comprising water dispenser, food storage, and waste storage components. Food and zero-gravity feeding devices were to be provided by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps Food and Container Institute. MSC's Life Systems Division was responsible for directing the development program.[3]
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was authorized to procure an additional boilerplate Gemini spacecraft for parachute landing system tests. McDonnell estimated that installing a new boilerplate would cost less ($12,000) than modifying the existing boilerplate for at least $17,000.[3]
President Kennedy announced in a press conference that he would seek "an across-the-board reduction in personal and corporate income taxes", commenting that "Our tax structure, as presently weighted, exerts too heavy a drain on a prospering economy."[46] At the time, earnings of more than $200,000 were in a 91% federal tax bracket. In 1965, the top rate would drop to 70%. By 1988, the highest rate would be 28% for income over $31,050. The current high rate is 40% on income over $378,250.[47] On the same day, he presented a Congressional gold medal to the mother of Thomas Anthony Dooley III at a White House ceremony.[48]
Pakistan's new constitution took effect, giving President Muhammad Ayub Khan veto power over a new, single-chamber National Assembly, elected by a group of 80,000 "basic democrats". The document would remain in effect until 1969.[50]
South Korea's military leader Park Chung Hee ordered a surprise currency reform, freezing all bank accounts and ordering that the South Korean hwan be exchanged by the end of Monday in favor of the new South Korean won, at the rate of 10 hwan for each new won.[53] On June 16, a decree was issued to take individual bank account money, above a set limit, for a required purchase of stock in the government-owned Korean Industrial Development Corporation, and Park would later be forced to rescind both emergency measures under pressure from the United States.[54]
Franco
Spain's dictator Francisco Franco announced a two-year suspension of the constitutional right of Spanish citizens to live elsewhere in the country. Franco limited the privilege to supporters of his government, in response to strikes that had halted activity in the nation.[55]
Operation Anadyr, to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, was approved unanimously by the Presidium of the Soviet Union on the recommendation of Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky and Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev. Under the plan, 24 medium-range nuclear missiles and 16 intermediate-range missiles would be placed in Cuba, and a total of 50,874 Soviet military personnel would be placed on the island to defend against an invasion. The decision would precipitate the Cuban Missile Crisis in October.[58]
In the elections for President of Peru, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre obtained more votes (557,047) than the other two major candidates, Fernando Belaúnde Terry (544,180) and former president Manuel A. Odría (480,798), while another 108,593 votes were split among four minor candidates. However, the Constitution required that a candidate receive at least one-third of the popular vote to win, and Haya had 32.95% of the 1,690,618 ballots cast, falling 6,493 votes short.[59] Before the Congress of Peru could meet to decide the election, the government would be overthrown on July 18 and the results annulled. A new election would be held on June 6, 1963, with Belaúnde winning the presidency.[60]
The first popular vote in Cambodia took place, as citizens went to the polls to approve the Sangkum candidates for Parliament. Although there were no choices, an author notes that the election "did get people used to the mechanics of voting, which would be of significant value in 1966".[61]
In Buenos Aires in Argentina, at least 31 schoolchildren were killed along with a teacher and a driver, when a municipal bus with 120 children on board crossed into the path of an oncoming train.[65][66] Reportedly, a crossing attendant had raised a barrier to allow a truck to cross the tracks and the bus driver followed. Most of the dead were children less than 13 years old who lived on Lacarra Street in the Villa Soldati neighborhood and were on their way to school in a dense fog.[67]
The mother of 15-year-old William Jefferson Blythe filed a petition to change her son's name, at his request, to that of her recently divorced husband. Afterward, Blythe would be known as Bill Clinton and would become President of the United States under that name in 1993.[73]
Three days before his high school graduation, 18-year-old George Lucas survived a near-fatal car crash caused by a fellow student. Lucas would abandon a dream to become a race car driver, and went on to become a successful filmmaker.[74]
Lee Harvey Oswald arrived back in the United States on the Dutch cruise ship S.S. Maasdam, after more than two years away in Russia. Oswald, who would be accused of killing U.S. President Kennedy less than 18 months later, brought with him his wife and daughter. The family was greeted on arrival in New York by Mr. Spas T. Rankin of the Travelers Aid Society of New York.[76]
The Manned Spacecraft Center proposed a recoverable meteoroid experiment with two sheets of aluminium to be extended from the Mercury spacecraft for a period of two weeks. The sheets would then be retracted into the spacecraft for protection during reentry and recovery.[77]
Following a successful pilot episode shown in January, the classic British sitcom Steptoe and Son began its 12-year run on the BBC. Described as "the most popular situation comedy in British television history", the series about junk dealer Albert Steptoe (Wilfrid Brambell) and his son Harold (Harry H. Corbett) would later inspire an American counterpart, Sanford and Son.[79]
Anna E. Siesers, 55, was found dead in her apartment in Boston, raped and strangled to death. Before the end of the summer, four other women would be raped and strangled in and near Boston. They would be first victims of the serial killer nicknamed "The Boston Strangler".[80]
On the death of his father, Viscount Hinchingbrooke succeeded to the earldom of Sandwich, obliging him to give up his seat in the British House of Commons.
In the commencement address for the University of Michigan, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara publicly announced a new nuclear strategy for the United States, declaring that "principal military objectives... should be the destruction of the enemy's military forces, not of his civilian population."[84]
The New Yorker magazine published the first of three excerpts of Rachel Carson's upcoming book, Silent Spring, receiving more response than it ever had for any previous article. Carson's book, credited with launching the environmental movement, would be published on September 27.[85]
South Korean Prime Minister Song Yo Chan and his cabinet resigned after disagreeing with General Park Chung Hee's drastic currency reform.[86]
June 17, 1962: Brazilian national football team wins the World Cup (the cover of El Grafico magazine is headlined "Brazil, Champion of the World")
Brazil beat Czechoslovakia 3–1 to win the 1962 FIFA World Cup Final, played in Santiago, Chile. Czechoslovakia was ahead 1–0 on a goal by Josef Masopust, eleven minutes into the game and the teams were tied 1–1 at halftime. Zito hit a goal from Brazil at the 69th minute for a 2–1 edge. At 78 minutes, in the second half, Czechoslovakian goalie Viliam Schrojf was blinded by the sun, allowing Brazil's Vavá to score the final goal for the 3–1 win.[89]
Jack Nicklaus, 22 years old at the time, won the U.S. Open golf tournament in a playoff against Arnold Palmer at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania. The two had tied at 283 at the end of 72 holes the day before. On the 18-hole playoff, Nicklaus had 71 and Palmer 74. It was Nicklaus's first professional tournament victory, and the first of eighteen major championships he would win in his career.[90]
In the UK, British Railways closed the former South Eastern Railway motive power depot at Bricklayers Arms in London, after 118 years in operation.[91]
The OAS signed a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announced that it would continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians.[92]
Scorpius X-1, the first cosmic X-ray source to be discovered by mankind, was found by instruments on an Aerobee rocket on a six-minute mission. A team at White Sands, New Mexico, led by physicist Riccardo Giacconi, had been looking only to measure the reflection of X-ray radiation from the Sun off of the Moon, and found far more. "Sco X-1" was later found to be matter from a normal star falling into a neutron star.[93] The serendipitous discovery would later be heralded as the birth of X-ray astronomy.[94]
The second phase of building the Berlin Wall was commenced. Not only was the outer wall along the border with West Berlin increased, but buildings along the border were torn down in order to clear an area that extended at least 30 metres (98 ft) further from the border. The in-between area was then filled with land mines and other deterrents to escape.[99]
A second American attempt at a nuclear explosion in outer space ended in failure, two weeks after the first try. Before the Thor missile could reach its altitude of 200 miles (320 km), the warhead was blown apart by ground control.[100]
Eric Gairy was dismissed as Chief Minister of Grenada, at that time a British colony, after a government inquiry found financial irregularities in the nation's budget.[101]
Morocco halted the emigration of its Jewish minority after several months of permitting the group to depart the Muslim nation, primarily to Israel.[105]
Joseph Valachi, imprisoned in Atlanta for narcotics trafficking, fatally assaulted another Atlanta inmate, John Joseph Saupp, whom he mistook for the mafioso Joseph di Palermo, believing that di Palermo had been contracted to kill him by his own cellmate, former Cosa Nostra boss Vito Genovese.[108] While in solitary confinement Valachi would reveal critical information about the Mafia; he later testified in Congressional hearings, and his memoirs would become a bestselling publication, The Valachi Papers, and later a film.[109]
The first full-scale test of the Gemini paraglider was held at North American's Space and Information Systems Division. The Manned Spacecraft Center inspecting team reviewed the design of the full-scale paraglider wing and capsule, and suggested 33 changes, mostly related to hardware.[3]
All 113 people on Air France Flight 117 were killed when the Boeing 707 jet crashed into rough terrain during bad weather while attempting to land on the island of Guadeloupe in the West Indies.[122] It was the airline's second fatal accident in 3 weeks, and the third fatal 707 crash of the year.
The United States secretly sent word to the People's Republic of China that it would disassociate itself from any further plans by Nationalist China (on the island of Taiwan) to invade and retake the mainland from the Communists. Although the U.S. and Communist China did not have diplomatic relations at the time, both had ambassadors in Poland.[125] In Warsaw, U.S. Ambassador John Moors Cabot spoke with China's Wang Ping-nan to communicate the decision, made on June 20. At the same time, the U.S. reiterated that it would defend Taiwan in the event of a Communist invasion.[126]
Don Newcombe, former Brooklyn Dodgers all-star pitcher, became the first Major League Baseball player to appear in a Japanese professional baseball game. The 36-year-old African-American debuted as a first baseman for the Chunichi Dragons of Nagoya, in a 5–4 win at Hiroshima over the Hiroshima Carp.[127]Larry Doby, who had been the second African-American in Major League Baseball, would join Newcombe on the Dragons as the second American to play Japanese baseball.[128]
The visiting New York Yankees defeated the Detroit Tigers, 9–7, in a baseball game that took a record seven hours to complete, running from 1:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m., after being tied 7–7 at the end of the usual nine innings. Although the 22 inning game was four short of the record of 26 (May 1, 1920, a 1–1 Dodgers/Braves tie), it beat the record of 5 hours, 19 minutes for a July 5, 1940 Dodgers 6–2 win over the Braves.[129] The current MLB record was the Chicago White Sox's 7–6 win over the Milwaukee Brewers in 8 hours and 6 minutes (and 25 innings) on May 8–9, 1984.[130]
In the case of Engel v. Vitale, the United States Supreme Court ruled, 6–1, that mandatory prayers in public schools were unconstitutional.[132] The suit had been filed after the school board of New Hyde Park, New York had ordered each class to start the school day with the prayer, "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our Country", under the recommendation of the state Board of Regents. The decision affected an estimated 39,000,000 public school students.[133]
FRELIMO, the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, was founded in Tanganyika by a merger of the National Democratic Union of Mozambique, the National Union for the Independence of Mozambique, and the National African Union of Mozambique, with Eduardo Mondlane as its first president. Mozambique would gain independence from Portugal on June 25, 1975, under the leadership of FRELIMO leader Samora Machel, on the 13th anniversary of the organization's founding.[134]
Gemini Project Office completed a thorough study of the reentry tracking histories of the first four Mercury crewed space missions. The study indicated that a C-band radar tracking beacon should be integrated into the spacecraft reentry section in place of the planned S-band beacon to improve tracking of spacecraft reentry through the Earth's ionization zone.[3]
In the case of MANual Enterprises v. Day, the United States Supreme Court ruled that photographs of nude men were not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines, and applying the same standard, for erotic magazines aimed at heterosexual readers, to homosexual readers.[135]
U.S. Representative Roy A. Taylor of North Carolina became the first member of Congress to propose a constitutional amendment to overcome the Supreme Court's ruling banning prayer in public schools. Miller's suggested 24th Amendment stated "Notwithstanding the 1st or 14th Article of Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prayers may be offered and the Bible may be read in connection with the program of any public school in the United States."[138] In all, 56 Representatives and Senators offered amendments, none of which were approved for submission for ratification.[139]
Project Reef, an airdrop testing program to evaluate the Mercury 63-foot (19 m) ringsail main parachute's capability to support the higher spacecraft weight for an extended range mission, was completed. Tests indicated that the parachute was qualified to support a future crewed Mercury mission.[77]
A two-day strike of steelworkers began in Italy in order to bargain for increased wages and a 5-day working week.
After IBM rejected the idea of 32-year-old employee H. Ross Perot, to sell computer programs along with its equipment, Perot quit and invested $1,000 of his savings to create Electronic Data Systems (EDS). When Medicare was created in 1965, EDS contracted with two states to process the claims, turning the company into a multibillion-dollar corporation and making a billionaire of Perot.[140]
D. Brainerd Holmes, NASA Director of Manned Space Flight, announced that the Mercury 8 mission would be programmed for as many as six orbits. Wally Schirra was selected as the prime pilot, with Gordon Cooper serving as backup.[77] NASA announced that Dr. Eugene B. Konecci had been appointed as Director of Biotechnology and Human Research, to be responsible for directing development of future life support systems to protect humans in the space environment.[77]
The Gemini Project Office and McDonnell decided that the most useful Gemini-related test by the Mercury project would be of the heatshield materials and afterbody-shingle characteristics. Samples of the Gemini heatshield would later be flown satisfactorily on the Mercury 8 mission.[3]
The Manned Spacecraft Center requested Langley Research Center's assistance in acoustic tests of ablation materials on Mercury flight tests, with Langley to prepare several material specimens to be tested for possible application in providing lightweight afterbody heat protection for Apollo class vehicles. Langley would report its test results on September 21.[77]
John Henry Faulk, an American disc jockey whose career had been ruined by false charges that he was a Communist, was awarded $3.5 million by a New York jury for compensatory and punitive damages for libel.[142]
Sir Winston Churchill fell and broke his hip during a visit to Monte Carlo in Monaco. He was flown to a London hospital where he remained for three weeks.[143]
Died:Mickey Cochrane, 59, American baseball player and manager, died of lymphatic cancer.[144]
RKO Phonevision, a pay TV service operated by Zenith Radio Company, began a pay-per-view service in Hartford, Connecticut, sending scrambled signals in addition to the regular programming on WHCT Channel 18.[145] On the first night, subscribers with Phonevision decoders (and one dollar) were able to watch the 1960 film Sunrise at Campobello with no commercial interruptions. The service never attracted enough subscribers to break even, and would be ended on January 31, 1969.[146][147]
Engineering was completed for the spacecraft reaction control system reserve fuel tank and related hardware in support of the Mercury extended range or one-day mission.[77]
Unrestricted immigration of British Empire subjects to the United Kingdom was curtailed as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 took effect, putting a quota on how many government vouchers would be issued for each nation. Restrictions would become stricter in 1971.[148]
David Lawrence, founder and owner of the news magazine U.S. News & World Report, turned control over to the 285 employees who had been working there for at least one year.[149]
Martin Marietta began its airborne systems functional tests as its 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) facility went into operation at Baltimore. The components of the Titan IIGemini rocket equipment for flight control, hydraulic, electrical, instrumentation, and malfunction detection were assembled on tables using actual engines, but with simulated propellant tanks and guidance. The Baltimore facility also checked system design changes and did troubleshooting of problems encountered in other test programs.[3]
As of the close of Fiscal Year 1962, Houston's Manned Spacecraft Center was reported to have 1,802 personnel.[77]
Born:
Benjamin Clark, American chef and victim of the September 11 attacks. During the attacks, he urged people down the stairs, possibly saving hundreds of lives while losing his own in the process; in New York City[150]
^Quaderer, Rupert. "Ospelt, Josef". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^Samuel H. Baron, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union: Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford University Press, 2001) p74
^Christopher Shulgan, The Soviet Ambassador: The Making of the Radical Behind Perestroika (Random House Digital, 2011) p76
^"US Confirms Reports of Russ Riots", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 9, 1962, p2
^"Gulag book tells of riot", Montreal Gazette, November 15, 1976, p13
^"Solzhenitsyn Gives Details of Uprising — 1962 Incident in Southern Russia Is Described in 3d Volume of 'Gulag Archipelago'", The New York Times, November 14, 1976, p. I-18
^Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II, Psychology Press, 2001, Volume 1 p390
^"130 Killed in Flames of Worst Air Disaster", Miami News, June 2, 1962, p1; Ann Uhry Abrams, Explosion at Orly: The Disaster That Transformed Atlanta (Avion Press, 2002)
^Claude Arpi, Tibet: The Lost Frontier (Lancer Publishers, 2008) p292
^Richard F. Staar, Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe (Hoover Press, 1982) p8
^"Atomic Missile Blown Up In Pacific Testing". Miami News. June 4, 1962. p. 1.
^Canada Enters the Nuclear Age: A Technical History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited as Seen from Its Research Laboratories. McGill-Queens University Press. 1997. p. 18.
^DeLong, Thomas A. (1996). Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 173. ISBN978-0-7864-2834-2.
^James P. Lynch and Rita J. Simon, Immigration the World Over: Statutes, Policies, and Practices (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p57
^Absher, Kenneth Michael (2009). Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Strategic Studies Institute. p. 26.
^Masterson, Daniel M. (1991). Militarism and Politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 181.
^Colomer, Josep M. (2001). Political Institutions: Democracy and Social Choice. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110.
^Corfield, Justin J. (2009). The History of Cambodia. ABC-CLIO. p. 58.
^"Russian Sets Mark". Miami News. June 9, 1962. p. 3C.
^Dennis Campbell, ed., Mergers and Acquisitions in North America, Latin America, Asia and the Pacific: Selected Issues and Jurisdictions (Kluwer Law International, 2011) p353
^Phillip C. Naylor, Historical Dictionary Of Algeria (Scarecrow Press, 2006) p372
^Mark De Rond and Iain Morley, Serendipity: Fortune and the Prepared Mind (Cambridge University Press,2010) p77
^Eric M. Schlegel, Restless Universe: Understanding X-Ray Astronomy in the Age of Chandra and Newton (Oxford University Press, 2002) p19
^"Dief Loses His Grip On Canada", Miami News, June 19, 1962, p2A; Allan Levine, Scrum Wars: The Prime Ministers and the Media (Dundurn Press, 1996) p228
^"Prime Minister Named in Korea", Milwaukee Journal, June 18, 1962, p4
^"Los árabes apoyan en la ONU a los nazis de Tacuara" [The Arabs support the Nazis of Tacuara at the UN]. La Luz (in Spanish). Vol. 32, no. 816. 14 December 1962. pp. 3, 8.
^"Lessons from Neshoba, 'Freedom Summer murders' 21 June 1964". 2 Tragic Cases in June 21 1964: African American Chaney with Jewish Schwerner and Goodman are murdered by KKK while helping for civil rights. In 1962, Nazi Tacuara attack 19 years old student, torture her and carve swastika on her breast as a "revenge" for killing Eichmann. Later on, Hitler's ally, the Mufti's right hand Shukairy (Shukeiri who prayed for Hitler's victory ... saluted Tacuara, and was fired over this.[permanent dead link]
^"The Clarion Herald". thecatholicnewsarchive.org. 6 August 1964. Retrieved 2020-09-11 – via Catholic Research Resources Alliance. Jewish university student Graciela Sirota, was kidnapped and driven to an isolated place where swastikas were carved on her body She was beaten, brutally tortured, and left with a swastika.
^Young, Alvin L. (2009). The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange. Springer. pp. 193–194.
^"ANOTHER 707 JET CRASHES, 103 FEARED LOST ON ISLE". Miami News. June 22, 1962. p. 1.
^Sears, James T. (2006). Behind the Mask of the Mattachine: The Hal Call Chronicles And the Early Movement for Homosexual Emancipation. Harrington Park Press. pp. 462–463.
^"Sophia Indicted on Bigamy Charges". Miami News. June 25, 1962. p. 1.
^"Two Nations Get Freedom— Rwanda and Burundi". Milwaukee Journal. June 28, 1962. p. 17.
^"School Prayer Bill Offered In House— Would Amend Constitution". Miami News. June 26, 1962. p. 1.
^Keynes, Edward; Miller, Randall K. (1989). The Court Vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion. Duke University Press. p. 193.
^Prestowitz, Clyde V. (2006). Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth And Power to the East. Basic Books. pp. 82–83.
^"4 Lutheran Churches Merge at Ceremony". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 29, 1962. p. 1.
^"$3.5 Million Libel Suit Won". Miami News. June 29, 1962. p. 5A.
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