July 4, 1960: The 50-star U.S. flag becomes officialJuly 1, 1960: Kwame Nkrumah becomes President of newly independent GhanaJuly 12, 1960: The Etch A Sketch toy introduced
The Belgian Congo became independent with the name République du Congo (Republic of Congo), the same name that the former French Congo had assumed in 1958. To prevent confusion while acknowledging their independence, the two nations would be distinguished in the press by their national capitals, with the former Belgian colony being called "Congo-Leopoldville" and its neighbor "Congo-Brazzaville". In 1964, Congo-Leopoldville was officially given its current name, "République démocratique du Congo" (Democratic Republic of Congo).
Italian Somaliland gained its independence from Italy, five days after British Somaliland, and merged into the Somali Republic. Aden Abdullah Othman, leader of the Italian Somaliland legislature, was elected president, and Abdirashid Ali Shermake became prime minister.[1]
A SovietMiG fighter north of Murmansk in the Barents Seashot down a 6-man RB-47. Two United States Air Force officers, First Lts. John R. McKone and Freeman B. Olmstead, survived and were imprisoned in Moscow's Lubyanka prison. The pilot, Major Willard Palm, was killed and his body recovered. The Soviets announced the capture of the men ten days later.[2] The men were finally released on January 25, 1961. The fate of the other three crewmen was not revealed by the Soviet Union.
July 1, 1960: Transfer ceremony at Marshall Space Flight Center
Former U.S. President Harry S. Truman said at a news conference in Independence, Missouri, that Democratic Party frontrunner John F. Kennedy lacked the maturity to be president, and that Kennedy should decline the nomination. Kennedy responded two days later, saying "I have encountered and survived every kind of hazard and opposition, and I do not intend to withdraw my name now, on the eve of the convention."[7]
A riot broke out during the Newport Jazz Festival in Newport, Rhode Island, after a crowd of about 3,000 people, mostly white, were angry about a lack of seating for the concerts. Order was not restored until three companies of the state National Guard were sent in.[8]
A bolt of lightning struck a group of religious pilgrims as they carried a statue of the Virgin Mary to the summit of Mount Bisalta, near Cuneo in Italy. Four were killed and 30 more injured.[10]
For the first time, a 50-star flag of the United States was hoisted, raised at 12:01 a.m. (EDT), at the Fort McHenry National Monument in Baltimore, and at the U.S. Capitol in Washington. At the time, there were only seven places in the United States where the national flag was permitted to be flown during hours of darkness.[13]
Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, the U.S. Senate Majority Leader, announced that he would seek, and expected that he would receive, the presidential nomination at the upcoming Democratic National Convention. Johnson asserted that front-runner John F. Kennedy had less than 600 of the required 701 delegates needed for a nomination, and that Johnson had at least 500. The only other candidate for the nomination was Senator Stuart Symington.[14]
The United States cut its orders for sugar from Cuba by 95 percent, following a July 2 authorization by Congress giving President Eisenhower the power to decrease the quota of sugar purchases.[16]
In one of the most shocking cases in the history of Australia, 8-year-old Graeme Thorne was kidnapped and murdered by Stephen Bradley. He demanded a ransom of £25,000 after his parents, Bazil and Freda, won in a lottery over a month prior.[19][20] On August 16, nearly six weeks after the kidnapping, Sydney police would discover Thorne's body wrapped around a blue tartan picnic blanket and tied with string. On October 10, Bradley was captured by two Sydney policemen, Sergeants Brian Doyle and Jack Bateman, who were waiting for him on the SS Himalaya while it was docked at Colombo, Ceylon. He was extradited back to Australia where he was sentenced to penal servitude for life. Bradley would later die of a heart attack in 1968 in the Goulburn Correctional Centre while playing in a gaol tennis competition.[21]
Rodger Woodward, a seven-year-old boy, became the first person known to survive an accidental plunge over Niagara Falls. Roger had been a passenger in a boat on the Niagara River when the outboard motor failed. He fell 165 feet (50 m) over the Falls, but sustained only minor bruises and a cut, and was released from a hospital two days later.[27]
The nuclear submarine USS Thresher was launched. It would be lost in 1963.[28]
As the Congo Crisis continued, the Belgian national airline Sabena began airlifting Belgian citizens out of the Congo. Over the next three weeks, 25,711 flew home.[30]
The Havana Sugar Kings played their last game under that name, winning in Richmond and defeating the Virginians, 7–1.[32] The next day, they played in Miami as the "Jersey City Jerseys", though still wearing their Sugar Kings uniforms.[33]
Moise Tshombe declared the Congolese province of Katanga independent, and, taking advantage of the Congo Crisis and the dismissal of Belgian officers from the Congolese Army, asked for military aid from Belgium. The Congo's Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba asked the United Nations to intervene in the crisis.[2]
The Color Additives Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act went into effect, regulating artificial coloring of consumer goods sold in the United States.[39]
Khieu Samphan, editor of the Phnom Penh newspaper L'Observatueur, was arrested and beaten by ten members of Cambodia's security police. As one author would note later, "There is no telling how many people later paid with their lives for this insult." Samphan would later help found the Communist Khmer Rouge and, 15 years later as the leader of the revolutionary government, would oversee a program of genocide in Cambodia.[40]
U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy won his party's nomination for president on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, but not until Wyoming's 15 delegates gave him the 2⁄3 majority. With 761 votes needed, Kennedy got 806, while Lyndon Johnson received 409.[41]
The Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting was set up in the UK to review the state of broadcasting. After two years, the Pilkington Committee concluded that the British public did not want commercial broadcasting.
In a choice that would determine the 36th President of the United States, Democratic presidential nominee and U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy asked U.S. Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson to be his running mate at 9:00 a.m. in Los Angeles, and Johnson, to the surprise of many, accepted. The day before, U.S. Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri had been asked, and agreed, to become Kennedy's choice for the vice-presidency.[44]
Anna Bligh, Australian politician, Premier of Queensland from 2007 to 2012 and the first woman to be elected, rather than appointed, as the Premier of an Australian state; in Warwick, Queensland
The Soviet Union completed the Sino-Soviet split by notifying the government of the People's Republic of China that all 1,390 Soviet advisors and experts there would be withdrawn. Over the next month, the Soviets cancelled twelve economic and technological agreements, and 200 joint projects.[47]
The phrase "New Frontier", which would be used to describe the policies of John F. Kennedy, was first used in Kennedy's acceptance of the Democratic presidential nomination in Los Angeles. After referring to the American West ("what was once the 'last frontier'"), Kennedy said that "we stand today on the edge of a new frontier— the frontier of the 1960s".[48]
Joseph Kasavubu and Patrice Lumumba, unhappy with the United Nations' progress in pressuring Belgium to withdraw its troops from the former Belgian Congo, added a new dimension to the Congo Crisis by announcing that, if Belgian troops did not withdraw within 48 hours, the Congolese leaders would invite the Soviet Union to send troops to the African nation.[51]
Trans Australia Airlines Flight 408 was taken over by a gunman, Alex Hildebrandt of Russia, in the first airplane hijacking in Australia. The hijack was foiled when Hildebrandt was overpowered by the plane's first officer.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike became the world's first elected female head of government, after her Sri Lanka Freedom Party won a majority in elections in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Mrs. Bandaranaike, whose husband S.W.D. Bandaranaike had been prime minister until his assassination in 1959, took office as Prime Minister of Ceylon the next day, and assumed the jobs of Defense Minister and External Affairs Minister as well.[2]
The first launch of a rocket from underwater into the air was made by the U.S. Navy submarine USS George Washington, with the firing of an unarmed Polaris missile while the sub was submerged at a depth of 30 feet (9.1 m).[55]
All 23 passengers and crew were killed on Aeroflot Flight 613 when their Ilyushin Il-14 airliner encountered turbulence and broke apart in midair during a flight from Leningrad to the smaller city of Syktyvkar.[56] The passengers were all members of the 75th Squadron of the Soviet Civil Air Fleet; the plane was cleared to descend to an altitude of 300 metres (980 ft) and its crew acknowledged the directive. The wreckage was found on July 31, in a forest south of Lake Kenozero, about 87 kilometres (54 mi) from its destination.
President Eisenhower announced that the United States had a budget surplus of $1.06 billion at the end of the 1960 fiscal year, a dramatic turnaround from the $12,426,000,000 deficit at the end of the 1959 fiscal year.[2]
The Parliament of Canada extended the right to vote in federal elections to the remaining First Nations indigenous citizens who had not previously received full suffrage, as an amendment to the Canada Elections Act passed its third reading in the Senate and was sent onward for assent.[57] The people granted rights were the 60,000 "Status Indians" who lived on Canada's Indian reserves. The right had previously been extended to about 20,000 members of the First Nations, specifically veterans and their wives, members who did not live on a reserve, and to those living in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon.[58] The Act would receive royal assent on August 1.[59]
The first television station in Egypt began broadcasting. After a verse from the Quran was read, United Arab Republic President Gamal Abdel Nasser was shown live, making a speech during celebrations of the eighth anniversary of the 1952 revolution.[60]
The Soviet Union launched a space capsule with two dogs, Pchelka and Mushka, in advance of human spaceflight. Korabl 3 burned up upon re-entry into the atmosphere.[65]
An accident killed 30 Japanese tourists and injured 16 others who were on a chartered sightseeing bus, on their way back down from visiting the Buddhist shrine at Mount Hiei, after sideswiping another bus and plunging off of a mountain road into a ravine. Reportedly, the tourist bus "shot 60 yards straight down and then rolled over for another 100 yards before crashing." The persons on the other bus were uninjured.[67]
Soviet Marshal Ivan Konev retired as chief of the Warsaw Pact, and was replaced by another Soviet military man, Marshal Andrei Grechko.[2] Marshal Grechko would become the Soviet Minister of Defense in 1967, and would be replaced as Warsaw Pact commander by Marshal Ivan Yakubovsky on July 8, 1967.[69]
Died:
Jacques Jaccard, 73, American silent film director in the 1910s and 1920s
Hans Albers, 68, leading man of German film in the 1930s and early 1940s
The lunch counter at the Woolworth's store in Greensboro, North Carolina, where the "Greensboro Four" had started the first sit-in in January, began service to African-American customers (actually, three store employees) at 2:30 p.m.[70] Integration of Greensboro's other restaurants did not happen until 1963.[71]
Fifteen months after U.S. President Eisenhower had proposed that the Soviet Union and the United States be allowed to inspect their opponents' missile sites, the Soviets made a counteroffer "to allow international inspection teams to carry out three on-site inspections annually on its territory."[72] The U.S. and its allies considered the number to be inadequate, but saw it as the basis for negotiations. Actual inspections would not take place until more than 25 years later.
The opening title sequence of The Andy Griffith Show, showing Andy Griffith and Ron Howard preparing to go fishing, was filmed in advance of the show's October 3 premiere. The Franklin Canyon Reservoir in Los Angeles served as Myers Lake (named for the show's production manager, Frank E. Myers) on the outskirts of Mayberry, North Carolina, for purposes of the show.[73]
Died:
Cedric Gibbons, 67, pioneering Irish-American film art director
The Republic of Ireland ended its policy of neutrality with the dispatch of soldiers of the 32nd Infantry Battalion to Africa to join United Nations peacekeeping forces during the Congo Crisis.[74] The Defence Amendment Act 1960 had taken effect the day before after passing both houses of the Irish parliament.
The Soviet Union launched the first of six Vostok 1K animal flight missions, with two space dogs, Chayka and Lisichka. An explosion destroyed the spacecraft shortly after launch, killing both dogs, and the mission was not publicized, nor given a name afterward.[76]
Mercury-Atlas 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral on a sub-orbital flight, to check the integrity of the Mercury spacecraft structure and afterbody shingles for critical abort reentry, and to evaluate the Atlas abort-sensing instrumentation system. The spacecraft had no escape system or test subject. After 59 seconds, the flight was terminated because of a launch vehicle and adapter structural failure, and the spacecraft was destroyed on impact in the ocean. Since none of the primary flight objectives was achieved, Mercury-Atlas 2 was planned to fulfill the mission.[29][77]
10 Downing Street, the official London residence of the British Prime Minister, was closed for renovations expected to last at least two years. Harold Macmillan's home was transferred for the interim to Admiralty House.[78]
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission voted 6–1 against censorship of American radio and television communications, following hearings in which various witnesses testified in favor of FCC intervention.[2]
The American Football League played its first game, an exhibition between the Buffalo Bills and the Boston Patriots, before a crowd of 16,474 in Buffalo, and the home team lost, 28 to 7.[80]Bob Dee of the Patriots recovered a fumble in the end zone for the first unofficial AFL score.[81]
South Korea and North Korea fought a battle as at sea for the first time since the end of the Korean War in 1953, with a North Korean gunboat being sunk near Kojin.[82]
Lieutenant Columbo, the fictional TV detective who would be more famously portrayed by actor Peter Falk, was introduced in a 90-minute episode of the anthology seriesThe Chevy Mystery Show,[83] shown at 9:00 Eastern time on NBC. Bert Freed was the first to portray Lieutenant Columbo, described as "a police detective harassing the doctor",[84] though actor Richard Carlson (who portrayed a psychiatrist who murdered his wife) received top billing in the teleplay, titled "Enough Rope".[85][unreliable source?]
^"Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation", by Shu Guang Zhang, in Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963 (Stanford University Press, 1998) p214
^James S. Olson, Historical Dictionary of the 1960s (Greenwood Press, 1999) p327
^Hosch, William (2010). World War II : people, politics, and power. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Educational Services. p. 223. ISBN9781615300082.
^Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 479. ISBN978-1-476-62599-7.
^Eşref Aksu, The United Nations, Intra-state Peacekeeping and Normative Change (Manchester University Press, 2003), p102
^James Edward Miller, Baseball Business: Pursuing Pennants and Profits in Baltimore (University Of North Carolina Press, 1990), p83; "National Loop OKs Expansion", Oakland Tribune, July 19, 1960, p37
^David Marc, Comic Visions: Television Comedy and American Culture (Blackwell 1997), p78
^Dewar, Gordon (July 22, 1960). "The Day in Parliament". Ottawa Journal. p. 7.
^Lerner, Leonard (July 17, 1960). "Canadian-American News: All Adult Indians Win Vote in Federal Elections". Boston Sunday Globe. p. 22.
^Canadian Government Publications Monthly Catalogue (September 1960), p7
^Wells, Alan (1996). World Broadcasting: A Comparative View. Ablex Publishing. p. 128.
^"The man who beat the Atlantic alone". The Birmingham Mail. Birmingham, England. July 22, 1960. p. 2. Yesterday Chichester sailed his 39ft. sloop Gipsy Moth III into New York Harbour.
^Sibley, John (July 22, 1960). "Chichester Wins One-Man-Boat Race Across the Atlantic— Briton Is Victor in Gipsy Moth III". The New York Times. p. 17.
^Christopher McCreery, The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History, and Development (University of Toronto Press, 2005), p106
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