Native American literature

For First Nations literature in Canada, see Indigenous literatures in Canada.

Native American literature is literature, both oral and written, produced by Native Americans in what is now the United States (as distinct from First Nations writers in Canada), from pre-Columbian times through to today. Famous authors include N. Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Simon Ortiz, Louise Erdrich, Gerald Vizenor, Joy Harjo, Sherman Alexie, D'Arcy McNickle, James Welch, Charles Eastman, Mourning Dove, Zitkala-Sa, John Rollin Ridge, Lynn Riggs, Hanay Geiogamah, William Apess, Samson Occom, and Stephen Graham Jones. Importantly, it is not "a" literature, but a set of literatures, since every tribe has its own cultural traditions. Since the 1960s, it has also become a significant field of literary studies, with academic journals, departments, and conferences devoted to the subject.

Oral traditions

See also: Oral tradition § Native America

Native American pieces of literature come out of a rich set of oral traditions from before European contact and/or the later adoption of European writing practices. Oral traditions include not only narrative story-telling, but also the songs, chants, and poetry used for rituals and ceremonies. Many of these stories and songs were transcribed by anthropologists, but often with significant conflict with the tribes and often with significant misinterpretation and/or mistranslation.[1]

Early literature

Many early Native American writers were political and/or autobiographical, which was often also political in that it was meant to persuade readers to push for better treatment of Native Americans. Samson Occom (Mohegan) was a Christian preacher who wrote not only his autobiography, A Short Narrative of My Life, but also many hymns. William Apess (Pequot) wrote his autobiography, A Son of the Forest, as well as a public lecture/eulogy of King Philip. Sarah Winnemucca (Paiute) wrote about her tribe's first interactions with European Americans in Life Among the Piutes, and John Rollin Ridge (Cherokee) wrote what is considered the first novel by a Native American, The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, about the infamous California bandit.

In the early 1900s, as white American audiences became interested in reading about the lives and cultures of Native Americans, Native American writers began transcribing the stories of their cultures, such as Charles Eastman's Old Indian Days and Mourning Dove's Coyote Tales. Others began to write fiction, for example, Mourning Dove's novel Cogewea and D'Arcy McNickle's The Surrounded. Other novelists include John Joseph Mathews and John Milton Oskison. Perhaps the best known Native American work from this period is Green Grow the Lilacs, a play by Cherokee author Lynn Riggs that became the basis for the musical Oklahoma! Many of these authors blended autobiography, traditional stories, fiction, and essays, as can be seen in Zitkala-Sa's (Dakota) American Indian Stories.

Native American Renaissance

The term "Native American Renaissance" was coined in 1983 by Kenneth Lincoln[2] to describe the flowering of literary work by Native American writers[3] in the late 1960s through the 1970s and into the 1980s. The focal point for the "arrival" of Native American literature as a significant literary event came with the first Pulitzer Prize awarded to a Native author, N. Scott Momaday (Kiowa) for his novel House Made of Dawn.

The 1970s saw important fiction by James Welch (Blackfeet and A-aninin), Leslie Marmon Silko (Laguna descent), and Gerald Vizenor (Chippewa), and poetry by Joy Harjo (Muscogee), Simon J. Ortiz (Acoma), and Wendy Rose (Hopi/Miwok). Many authors have done significant work in both genres, such as Joseph Bruchac (Abenaki).

The 1980s saw many of the writers listed above continuing to produce new literature. New voices included Louise Erdrich (Ojibwe), Paula Gunn Allen (Laguna), Linda Hogan (Chickasaw), Michael Dorris, and Luci Tapahonso (Navajo).

The 1990s introduced several works of poetry and of prose fiction by Spokane/Coeur D'Alene author Sherman Alexie. Chickasaw author Linda Hogan's Mean Spirit was a finalist for the 1991 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[4]

21st-century literature

In 2021, Louise Erdrich was a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner for The Night Watchman.[5]

In 2019, Joy Harjo (Muscogee Nation) became the first Native American to hold the post of United States Poet Laureate.

Also in 2019, Tommy Orange's (Cheyenne & Arapaho) novel about urban Indian life in California, There There, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[6]

Themes and threads

• Trauma and Healing
• Mixed-bloods
• Ceremonies

Further reading

See also: Trickster: Native American Tales, A Graphic Collection

Anthologies

• Dillon, Grace L., ed. (March 2012). Walking the Clouds: An Anthology of Indigenous Science Fiction. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816529827. (includes Maori, First Nations, and Aboriginal Australian authors also)

• Hawk, Shane; Van Alst Jr., Theodore C., eds. (September 19, 2023). Never Whistle at Night: An Indigenous Dark Fiction Anthology. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 9780593468463. (includes First Nations authors also)
• Harjo, Joy; et al., eds. (August 2020). When the Light of the World Was Subdued, Our Songs Came Through: A Norton Anthology of Native Nations Poetry. W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393356809.
• Nicholson, Hope; et al. (eds.). Moonshot: The Indigenous Comics Collection (3 book series).

Nonfiction books on Indigenous literatures

• Justice, Daniel Heath (March 2018). Why Indigenous Literatures Matter. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781771121767.

Academic articles and journals

• Anderson, Eric Gary (Winter 2006–07). "South to a Red Place". The Mississippi Quarterly. 60 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 5–32. JSTOR 26467040.

See also

• American Indian literary nationalism
• Native American Renaissance
• Studies in American Indian Literatures
• Native American Literature Symposium
• Wordcraft Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers
• List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
• Native American studies
• List of Native American languages in the United States
• American Indian English
• Urban Indian
• American literature

External sources

Articles on Native American writers in Western American Literature

References

1. Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Rubén G. (2011). "Introduction". The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research: Reporting on Environmental Degradation and Warfare. Springer. p. 7. ISBN 9781461410652. In the throes of the colonial onslaught, anthropologists often failed to recognize or otherwise acknowledge the historical and cultural validity and richness of Amerindian oral traditions and thereby dismissed them as myth or as the useless meanderings of primitive minds. Others proved guilty, by virtue of intent or disregard, or disseminating esoteric and sacred knowledge or traditional ceremonies without tribal consent or consideration.
2. Lincoln, Kenneth (1983). Native American Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520054578.
3. "Romane und Gedichte von Native Americans | Belletristik". 2 September 2021.
4. "Fiction". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
5. Times, The New York (June 11, 2021). "Pulitzer Prize: 2021 Winners List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
6. "Finalist: There There, by Tommy Orange (Alfred A. Knopf)". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 30 November 2020.