Mount Crawford (South Australia)

Mount Crawford
Mount Crawford
	Mount Crawford (centre right) from Tower Hill, looking east
Highest point
Elevation	526 m (1,726 ft)
Coordinates	34°41′51.8″S 138°58′1.056″E / 34.697722°S 138.96696000°E
Geography
	Mount Crawford South Australia, Australia

Mount Crawford is a hill in the locality also named Mount Crawford in South Australia approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Birdwood in the Mount Lofty Ranges.

History

The Indigenous name for Mount Crawford was Teetáka.^[2] The mount was given its present name in 1839 by Charles Sturt after James Coutts Crawford (1817–1889).^[3] Crawford had a Royal Navy background. He and his drovers arrived overland from NSW in April 1839 with 700 cattle, setting up a hut and cattle run at the base of the mount.^[4]^[5] Crawford soon moved on to be a pioneer of Wellington, New Zealand.^[6]

In February 1840 Crawford's hutkeeper, an old soldier, was bailed up by bushrangers Curran, Hughes, and Fox, who robbed him of his arms and rations. Curran and Hughes were executed by hanging at Adelaide on 16 March 1840 for an armed robbery committed earlier near Gawler.^[7]

Geoff Manning, in his Place Names of South Australia, gives a different derivation: E.J.F. Crawford (later proprietor of Hindmarsh Brewery), the explorer J.F. Crawford, and T.G.T. Crawford,^[8] sons of Capt. Crawford, master of HMS Victorious^[9] ran sheep in the area.^[10]

Pioneer families during the first decades of closer settlement included surnames Coleman, Hammat, Rankine, Polden, Murray, Warren, and Whyte. The subsequent history was one of mining and pastoralism, until being largely replaced by forestry and recreation activities.^[11]

An alluvial goldrush occurred in the area in the late nineteenth century, and fossicking still goes on in the area today.^[12]

Mount Crawford Forest

Mount Crawford also refers to the Mount Crawford Forest which is a grouping of several government forest lands in the area, the largest encompassing the area around Mount Crawford - others are to the west at Mount Gawler and south around Cudlee Creek and Kangaroo Creek Dam. The Barossa Valley is directly to the north. The forest headquarters and an information centre are located near Mount Crawford. Most of the timber grown are pine trees, though there are some native eucalypt plantations. The Heysen Trail passes through the forests.^[1]^[13] The forests are also popularly used for recreational purposes, with school fairs and camps being held there, along with a rally car race.^{[citation needed]}

Climate

Climate data for Mount Crawford (525m ASL)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	43.3 (109.9)	41.6 (106.9)	36.9 (98.4)	34.8 (94.6)	26.8 (80.2)	23.0 (73.4)	20.3 (68.5)	24.9 (76.8)	29.8 (85.6)	34.5 (94.1)	39.7 (103.5)	39.7 (103.5)	43.3 (109.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	27.5 (81.5)	27.1 (80.8)	23.4 (74.1)	19.2 (66.6)	15.0 (59.0)	11.7 (53.1)	11.0 (51.8)	12.4 (54.3)	15.1 (59.2)	18.2 (64.8)	22.5 (72.5)	25.0 (77.0)	19.0 (66.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	20.8 (69.4)	20.6 (69.1)	17.8 (64.0)	14.8 (58.6)	11.8 (53.2)	9.1 (48.4)	8.4 (47.1)	9.3 (48.7)	11.3 (52.3)	13.3 (55.9)	16.7 (62.1)	18.6 (65.5)	14.4 (57.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	14.0 (57.2)	14.1 (57.4)	12.2 (54.0)	10.4 (50.7)	8.6 (47.5)	6.5 (43.7)	5.8 (42.4)	6.1 (43.0)	7.4 (45.3)	8.4 (47.1)	10.8 (51.4)	12.1 (53.8)	9.7 (49.5)
Record low °C (°F)	6.1 (43.0)	5.5 (41.9)	4.2 (39.6)	1.2 (34.2)	1.1 (34.0)	0.1 (32.2)	0.2 (32.4)	−0.6 (30.9)	0.0 (32.0)	−2.3 (27.9)	2.0 (35.6)	4.5 (40.1)	−2.3 (27.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	24.4 (0.96)	25.9 (1.02)	30.0 (1.18)	44.7 (1.76)	68.7 (2.70)	82.6 (3.25)	99.3 (3.91)	86.4 (3.40)	74.3 (2.93)	45.8 (1.80)	31.8 (1.25)	34.6 (1.36)	662.7 (26.09)
Average rainy days	5.2	5.1	8.4	10.8	14.7	17.0	18.0	17.0	16.6	12.2	9.5	8.0	142.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 3pm)	36	38	42	52	67	77	77	70	64	55	47	39	55
Source: ^[14]

Climate data for Mount Crawford Forest Headquarters (395m ASL)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	42.5 (108.5)	42.5 (108.5)	40.6 (105.1)	35.0 (95.0)	26.5 (79.7)	22.0 (71.6)	23.5 (74.3)	25.0 (77.0)	29.3 (84.7)	33.0 (91.4)	39.0 (102.2)	40.0 (104.0)	42.5 (108.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	27.1 (80.8)	27.5 (81.5)	24.3 (75.7)	20.6 (69.1)	16.1 (61.0)	13.0 (55.4)	12.2 (54.0)	13.1 (55.6)	15.4 (59.7)	18.9 (66.0)	22.0 (71.6)	24.9 (76.8)	19.6 (67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	19.1 (66.4)	19.4 (66.9)	17.0 (62.6)	13.8 (56.8)	10.6 (51.1)	8.3 (46.9)	7.7 (45.9)	8.3 (46.9)	9.9 (49.8)	12.4 (54.3)	14.9 (58.8)	17.2 (63.0)	13.2 (55.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	11.1 (52.0)	11.2 (52.2)	9.7 (49.5)	7.0 (44.6)	5.0 (41.0)	3.5 (38.3)	3.1 (37.6)	3.4 (38.1)	4.4 (39.9)	5.9 (42.6)	7.7 (45.9)	9.5 (49.1)	6.8 (44.2)
Record low °C (°F)	2.0 (35.6)	1.0 (33.8)	−2.2 (28.0)	−3.5 (25.7)	−5.0 (23.0)	−7.0 (19.4)	−7.0 (19.4)	−4.7 (23.5)	−4.0 (24.8)	−3.2 (26.2)	−2.0 (28.4)	0.1 (32.2)	−7.0 (19.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	24.5 (0.96)	23.7 (0.93)	27.5 (1.08)	53.3 (2.10)	88.9 (3.50)	97.9 (3.85)	116.9 (4.60)	103.4 (4.07)	82.9 (3.26)	65.8 (2.59)	36.7 (1.44)	34.8 (1.37)	758.0 (29.84)
Average rainy days	5.7	4.8	6.2	9.9	14.3	16.0	18.9	19.2	14.8	12.7	8.8	7.7	139.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 3pm)	36	36	43	51	65	75	73	70	64	56	47	42	55
Source: ^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b "Mount Crawford Forest Region" (PDF). Forestry SA. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
^ Hossfeld, P.S. : The Aborigines of South Australia: Native occupation of the Eden Valley and Angaston Districts. From Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, No 50: p 293
^ Recollections of travel in Australia and New Zealand, by James Coutts Crawford, London 1880, page 17.
^ The Diary of James Coutts Crawford: Extracts on Aborigines and Adelaide, 1839 & 1841. South Australiana, March 1965.
^ Register newspaper, 13 July 1839, p 2.
^ Rosier, L (22 June 2007). "Crawford, James Coutts 1817 - 1889". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ Inman: first commander of the South Australia Police, by Max Slee. Seaview Press 2010, pp.145-154.
^ "Obituary". The Observer (Adelaide). Vol. LXVIII, no. 5, 351. South Australia. 23 September 1911. p. 39. Retrieved 3 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Mr. E. J. F. Crawford". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. XC, no. 26, 249. South Australia. 12 February 1925. p. 12. Retrieved 2 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Geoff Manning. "Place Names of South Australia". SLSA. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ History of Mount Crawford district, 1839-1969 / Sheila Gordon, David Manser
^ "The latest gold discovery". South Australian Register. 12 January 1872. p. 5. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
^ "Mount Lofty Ranges Forests - (Mount Crawford, Kuitpo, Second Valley)". Forestry SA. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
^ "Climate Data Online". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ "Climate Data Online". Retrieved January 21, 2018.