In 2010, a systematic review and meta analysis by Holt-Lunstad, Smith, and Layton, stated that the "modern way of life in industrialized countries" is greatly reducing the quality of social relationships, partly due to people no longer living in close proximity with their extended families. The review notes that from 1990 to 2010, the number of Americans reporting no close confidants had tripled.[5]
A number of studies were published shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic by academics such as Claude S. Fischer and Eric Klinenberg. While it wasn't always clear to all scholars that loneliness was an "epidemic," the studies did conclude that loneliness is indeed a serious issue, having a severe health impact on millions of people.[6][7][8][9]
In early 2021, shortly after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Harvard’s Making Caring Common Project released its first Loneliness in America report, which linked the crisis to pandemic-driven isolation and identified significant loneliness, particularly among young adults and parents of young children.[10] That same year, Richard Weissbourd's follow-up study found that around 36% of American adults reported chronic loneliness, a trend mirrored across several countries where lockdowns and social distancing intensified social isolation.[10][11][1][3]
In Europe, a comparative overview of the prevalence and determinants of loneliness and social isolation in the pre-COVID period was conducted by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The findings indicated that 8.6% of the adult population in Europe experience frequent loneliness and 20.8% experience social isolation, with eastern Europe recording the highest prevalence of both phenomena.[12]
In Australia, the annual national Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey has reported a steady 8% rise in agreement with the statement "I often feel very lonely" between 2009 and 2021, responses indicating "strongly agree" rose steadily by over 20% in that same time period. This is a reversal of the trend seen from the start of the survey in 2001 until 2009, where these figures had both been steadily decreasing.[13]
Together, these studies have spurred more recent efforts to examine and address loneliness as a public health priority, in the U.S. and globally.
Causes of loneliness
Some authors identified individualism as a root cause of loneliness in Western societies, particularly in the U.S. Scholars like Robert N. Bellah, in Habits of the Heart, argue that American individualism weakens communal bonds, leading to social isolation and loneliness.[14] Similarly, Wendell Berry’s essays emphasize how modern, profit-oriented social structures undermine community connection.[15]
Technology use is another significant factor. According to Capita, an American think tank that specializes in the study of loneliness, the overuse of digital and social media, especially among young people, often reduces real-lifeinteractions and deepens feelings of isolation.[16] In another essay titled The Good, The Bad & The Lonely, Capita highlighted that Gen Z experiences heightened loneliness, as they report lower engagement in community activities.[17] Richard Weissbourd's research supports these findings, linking social media and screen time to disconnection among U.S. youth.[10]
Economic challenges were also found to compound these issues. Low-wage workers and individuals in economically distressed areas experience higher levels of loneliness due to limited social mobility and access to community resources.[18]Chris Arnade’s book Dignity describes how economic inequality isolates individuals, especially in lower-income communities.[19]
Meanwhile, a 2021 survey on the impact of parenthood on loneliness indicates that although parents report slightly more social support than non-parents, single-personhouseholds and low social support environments face increased isolation risks.[20]Timothy P. Carney’s Family Unfriendly highlights policies that fail to support stay-at-home parents, contributing to isolation and mental health challenges.[21]
Global responses to the loneliness epidemic
Since the 2010s, large-scale initiatives have been launched in countries including the U.S., Australia and the U.K.[22]
In November 2023, the World Health Organization declared loneliness a "global public health concern" and launched an international commission to study the problem.[23][24]
Following Murthy's advisory, bipartisan legislative proposals emerged, notably the National Strategy for Social Connection Act led by Senator Chris Murphy. This proposed act aims to establish a federal office focused on addressing loneliness and promoting social connectedness through community and public health initiatives.[30]
The conversation around loneliness has since broadened to include state-level responses and greater public awareness, underscoring the need for systemic efforts to counteract this public health challenge.[11][16]
In September 2024, the New York Times reported that metrics indicative of loneliness were especially common among Americans who lack a college degree.[31]
^ abcBarth, Lila (April 20, 2022). "How Loneliness Is Damaging Our Health". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2024. Even before the pandemic, there was an 'epidemic of loneliness,' and it was affecting physical health and life expectancy.
^Johnson, Sarah (November 16, 2023). "WHO declares loneliness a 'global public health concern'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 16, 2024. The World Health Organization has launched an international commission on loneliness, which can be as bad for people's health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day
^David French (September 1, 2024). "The Loneliness Epidemic Has a Cure". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2024. Between 1990 and 2024, the percentage of college graduates who reported having zero close friends rose to 10 percent from 2 percent, which is upsetting enough. Among high school graduates, the percentage rose to a heartbreaking 24 percent from 3 percent..
