List of prehistoric mammals of Japan

This list is of prehistoric mammals known from the fossil record of the Japanese archipelago. For extant mammals from the area, see List of mammals of Japan (which includes the recently extinct species on the IUCN Red List[1] and its domestic counterpart the Ministry of the Environment Red List[2]). Other species that have gone extinct in historic times and extant species that have been locally extirpated and no longer form part of the fauna of Japan but are known from the fossil or subfossil record are additionally listed at the bottom of this page.

Mesozoic

Clade	Order	Family	Genus	Species	Horizon	Age
Trechnotheria	†"Symmetrodonta"	†Spalacotheriidae	†Symmetrolestes	†S. parvus Tsubamoto & Rougier, 2004[3]	Kitadani Formation	Early Cretaceous
Theriimorpha	†Eutriconodonta	†Amphidontidae	†Hakusanodon	†H. archaeus Rougier et al., 2007[4]	Kuwajima Formation
†Allotheria	†Multituberculata	†Eobaataridae	†Hakusanobaatar	†H. matsuoi Kusuhashi, 2008[5]
			†Tedoribaatar [it]	†T. reini Kusuhashi, 2008[5]
Eutheria	†Asioryctitheria		†Sasayamamylos [ja]	†S. kawaii Kusuhashi & Saegusa, 2013[6]	Sasayama Group
		†Zhelestidae	†Sorlestes	†S. mifunensis Setoguchi et al., 1999[7]	Mifune Group	Late Cretaceous

Cenozoic

Order	Clade	Family	Genus	Species	Synonyms	Image	Age
†Cimolesta	†Pantodonta	†Coryphodontidae		†Coryphodontidae sp.[8]			Early–Middle Eocene
			†Asiocoryphodon [es]	†Asiocoryphodon sp.[8]
	†Tillodontia	†Esthonychidae [ru]	†Trogosus	†Trogosus cf. T. latidens[8]
			†Higotherium	†H. hypsodon Miyata & Tomida, 1998[9]			Middle Eocene
Proboscidea	†Gomphotherioidea	†Gomphotheriidae	†Gomphotherium	†G. annectens [species]	Hemimastodon annectens Matsumoto, 1924[10]		Early Miocene
					Bunolophodon yokotii Makiyama, 1938[11]
			†Sinomastodon	†S. sendaicus [it][12]	Trilophodon sendaicus Matsumoto, 1924[10]		Early Pliocene
	Elephantoidea	†Stegodontidae	†Stegolophodon	†S. pseudolatidens[13]	Eostegodon pseudolatidens Yabe, 1950[14]		Miocene
					Stegolophodon tsudai Shikama & Kirii, 1956[15]
					Stegolophodon miyokoae Hatai, 1959[16]
			†Stegodon	†S. miensis [ja]	Stegodon clifti miensis Matsumoto, 1941[17]		Pliocene
					Stegolophodon shinshuensis Fossil Elephant Research Group, 1979[18]
					Stegodon bombifrons Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, 1980[19]
					Stegodon cf. elephantoides[20]
				†S. protoaurorae [ja] Aiba, Baba & Matsukawa, 2010[21]			Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene
				†S. aurorae[20]	Elephas aurorae Matsumoto, 1918[22]		Early Pleistocene
					Parastegodon? kwantoensis Tokunaga, 1934[23]
					Parastegodon sugiyamai Tokunaga, 1935[24]
					Parastegodon akashiensis Takai, 1936[25]
					Parastegodon infrequens Shikama, 1937[26]
					Stegodon shodoensis (partim)[20]
				†S. orientalis[20][27]	Stegodon orientalis shodoensis Matsumoto, 1924[28]		Middle Pleistocene
		Elephantidae	†Palaeoloxodon	†P. naumanni[11][29]: 86	Elephas namadicus naumanni Makiyama, 1924[30]		Middle–Late Pleistocene
					Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai Matsumoto, 1924[31]
					Elephas indicus buski Matsumoto, 1927[32]
					Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) namadica yabei Matsumoto, 1929[33]
					Palaeoloxodon yokohamanus Tokunaga, 1934[34]
					Palaeoloxodon aomoriensis Tokunaga & Takai, 1936[35]
					Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) namadicus setoensis Makiyama, 1929[36]
			†Mammuthus	†M. trogontherii[37]: 347 [38]	Euelephas protomammonteus Matsumoto, 1924[39]		Early Pleistocene
					Parelephas protomammonteus proximus Matsumoto, 1926[40]
					Parelephas protomammonteus typicus Matsumoto, 1926[40]
					Elephas primigenius matsumotoi Dietrich, 1927[41]
					Parelephas proximus uehataensis Shikama, 1937[42]
					Archidiskodon paramammonteus shigensis Matsumoto & Ozaki, 1959[43]
				†M. primigenius[44]			Late Pleistocene
Sirenia		Dugongidae	†Dusisiren	†D. dewana [species] Takahashi, Domning & Saito, 1986[45]			Late Miocene
				†D. takasatensis [species] Kobayashi, Horikawa & Miyazaki, 1995[46]
			†Hydrodamalis	†H. spissa Furusawa, 1988[47]			Late Pliocene
Lagomorpha		Ochotonidae	†Alloptox [es]	†A. japonicus Tomida, 2012[48]			Early Miocene
Rodentia	Hystricomorpha			Ctenodactyloidea sp.[8]			Early–Middle Eocene
		Diatomyidae	†Diatomys	†D. shantungensis[49][50]			Early Miocene
	Castorimorpha	Castoridae	†Steneofiber	†Steneofiber sp.[49]			Late Oligocene
			†Youngofiber	†Y. sinensis[51]	Trogontherium sinensis Young, 1955[52]		Early Miocene
			†Minocastor	†M. godai Mörs, Tomida & Kalthoff, 2016[53]
			†Euroxenomys	†E. nanus Mörs & Tomida, 2018[54]
	†Eomyoidea	†Eomyidae	†Megapeomys	†M. repenningi Tomida, 2011[55]			Early Miocene
			†Japaneomys	†J. yasunoi Kimura et al., 2019[56]
	Myomorpha	Cricetidae	Microtus	†M. epiratticepoides Kawamura, 1988[57]			Middle–Late Pleistocene
			Clethrionomys	†C. japonicus Kawamura, 1988[57]			Middle Pleistocene
			Cricetulus	Cricetulus sp.[58]
		Muridae	Niviventer	Niviventer sp.[59]			Late Pleistocene-Holocene
			Rattus	†R. miyakoensis Kawaguchi, Kaneko & Hasegawa, 2009[60]			Late Pleistocene
Primates	Haplorhini	Cercopithecidae	†Kanagawapithecus	†K. leptopostorbitalis [species]	Dolichopithecus (Kanagawapithecus) leptopostorbitalis Iwamoto, Hasegawa & Koizumi, 2005[61]		Pliocene
	Strepsirrhini	†Sivaladapidae		†Sivaladapidae sp.[8]			Early–Middle Eocene
Eulipotyphla		†Plesiosoricidae [pt]	†Plesiosorex [it]	†P. fejfari Oshima, Tomida & Orihara, 2017[62]			Early Miocene
		Soricidae	†Shikamainosorex	†S. densicingulata [species] Hasegawa, 1957[63]			Middle Pleistocene
			Anourosorex	†A. japonicus Shikama & Hasegawa, 1958[64]			Late Pleistocene
Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	Vespertilionidae	†Pleistomyotis	†P. longihumeralis[65][58]			Middle Pleistocene
			Myotis	†M. okafujii[58]
				†M. beppuensis[58]
†Desmostylia			†Behemotops	†B. katsuiei Inuzuka, 2000[66]			Late Oligocene
		†Desmostylidae	†Ashoroa	†A. laticosta Inuzuka, 2000[66]
			†Desmostylus	†D. japonicus Tokunaga & Iwasaki, 1914[67][68]			Miocene
		†Paleoparadoxiidae	†Paleoparadoxia	†P. tabatai	Cornwallius tabatai Tokunaga, 1939[69]
				†P. media Inuzuka, 2005[70]
Artiodactyla	Suina	Suidae		Suidae indet.[50]	Palaeochoerus japonicus Takai, 1954[71]		Early Miocene
			†Hyotherium	†H. shanwangense[72]			Middle Miocene
	Cetancodontamorpha	†Entelodontidae	†Entelodon	†E. gobiensis[73]			Late Eocene
				†Dichobunoidea sp.[8]			Middle–Late Eocene
		†Anthracotheriidae	†Bothriogenys	†Bothriogenys sp.[73]			Late Eocene
			†Bothriodon	†B. sandaensis Tsubamoto et al., 2007[74]			Middle–Late Eocene
			†Elomeryx	†E. japonicus[75]	Brachyodus japonicus Matsumoto, 1925[76]		Middle Oligocene
	Cetacea		†Sinanodelphis	†S. izumidaensis [species] Makiyama, 1936[77]			Miocene
		Delphinidae	†Eodelphinus	†E. kabatensis	Stenella kabatensis Horikawa, 1977[78]
			†Norisdelphis	†N. annakaensis [uk] Kimura & Hasegawa, 2020[79]
			Pseudorca	†P. yokoyamai Matsumoto, 1926[80]			Pliocene
			Orcinus	†O. paleorca	Orca paleorca Matsumoto, 1937[81]		Early Pleistocene
		†Kentriodontidae	†Kentriodon	†K. sugawarai [species] Guo & Kohno, 2021[82]			Early–Middle Miocene
				†K. hobetsu [species] Ichishima, 1994[83]			Middle Miocene
		Monodontidae	†Haborodelphis	†H. japonicus [species] Ichishima et al., 2018[84]			Early Pliocene
		Phocoenidae	†Miophocaena	†M. nishinoi Murakami et al., 2012[85]			Late Miocene
			†Archaeophocaena	†A. teshioensis Murakami et al., 2012[85]
			†Pterophocaena	†P. nishinoi Murakami et al., 2012[86]
			†Haborophocoena	†H. toyoshimai [species] Ichishima & Kimura, 2005[87]			Early Pliocene
				†H. minutus [species] Ichishima & Kimura, 2009[88]
			†Numataphocoena	†N. yamashitai [species] Ichishima & Kimura, 2000[89]
		Ziphiidae	Berardius	†B. kobayashii Kawatani & Kohno, 2021[90]			Middle–Late Miocene
		†Allodelphinidae	†Ninjadelphis	†N. ujiharai [species] Kimura & Barnes, 2016[91]			Early Miocene
			†Awadelphis	†A. hirayamai Murakami, 2016[92]			Late Miocene
			†Miophyseter	†M. chitaensis Kimura & Hasegawa, 2022[93]			Early Miocene
			†Brygmophyseter	†B. shigensis	Scaldicetus shigensis Hirota & Barnes, 1994[94]		Middle Miocene
		†Eomysticetidae	†Yamatocetus	†Y. canaliculatus Okazaki, 2012[95]			Late Oligocene
		Balaenidae	†Idiocetus	†I. tsugarensis Matsumoto, 1926[80]			Late Miocene
			†Archaeobalaena	†A. dosanko [species] Tanaka, Furusawa & Kimura, 2020[96]			Early Pliocene
			†Taikicetus	†T. inouei Tanaka, Ando & Sawamura, 2018[97]			Middle Miocene
			†Isanacetus	†I. laticephalus [species] Kimura & Ozawa, 2002[98]			Early Miocene
			†Diorocetus	†D. chichibuensis [ja] Yoshida, Kimura & Hasegawa, 2003[99]			Miocene
				†D. shobarensis [ja] Otsuka & Ota, 2008[100]			Middle Miocene
			†Parietobalaena	†P. yamaokai [species] Otsuka & Ota, 2008[100]
		Cetotheriidae	†Hibacetus	†H. hirosei [species] Otsuka & Ota, 2008[100]
			†Joumocetus	†J. shimizui Kimura & Hasegawa, 2010[101]			Late Miocene
		Balaenopteridae	Eschrichtius	†E. akishimaensis Kimura, Hasegawa & Kohno, 2018[102]			Early Pleistocene
	Ruminantia			Cervoidea indet.[50]	Amphitragulus minoensis Matsumoto, 1918[103]		Early Miocene
		Cervidae	†Dicrocerus	†D. tokunagai Matsumoto, 1927[104][105]
			†Cervavus	†C. oweni hirabayashii Tokunaga, 1926[106][105]			Late Miocene
			†Metaplatyceros	†M. sequoiae Shikama, 1941[107]			Late Pliocene
			Axis	†A. japonicus[108]	Cervus (Axis) japonicus Otsuka, 1967[109]		Early Pleistocene
					Axis kyushuensis[110]
			Elaphurus	†E. akashiensis	Cervus akasiensis Shikama, 1941[107]		Late Pliocene
				†E. bifurcatus shikamai[111]	Elaphurus shikamai [ja] Otsuka, 1968[112]		Early Pleistocene
				†E. davidianus tamaensis[111]	Elaphurus (Elaphurus) tamaensis Shikama & Hasegawa, 1976[113]
				†E. davidianus menziesianus[111]	Capreolus (Capreolina) mayai Tokunaga & Takai, 1936[114]		Middle–Late Pleistocene
					Elaphurus mayai[115]
			Cervus	†C. (Nipponicervus) kazusensis[116][108]	Cervus (Sika) kazusensis Matsumoto, 1926[117]		Pleistocene
					Cervus (Deperetia) trassaerti Shikama, 1941[107]
					Cervus (Deperetia) urbanus Shikama, 1941[107]
					Cervus (Anoglochis) praenipponicus [ja] Shikama, 1936[118]
					Cervus (Deperetia) naorai Shikama, 1936[119]
					Cervus (Nipponicervus?) takaoi Otsuka & Shikama, 1977[120]
					Cervus (Deperetia) shimabarensis Otsuka, 1967[109]
				†C. astylodon	Muntiacus astylodon Matsumoto, 1926[117]
					Cervus (Rucervus) riukiuensis Matsumoto, 1926[117]
				†C. greyi katokiyomasai[121][122]	Cervus (Rucervus) katokiyomasai Shikama & Hasegawa, 1965[123]
					Cervus (Sika) natsumei Matsumoto, 1938[124]
					Cervus (Sika) paleoezoensis Otsuka & Shikama, 1977[120]
				†C. kyushuensis	Cervus (Rusa) kyushuensis Otsuka, 1966[125]		Early Pleistocene
				†C. akiyoshiensis	Cervus (Nipponicervus) akiyoshiensis Otsuka, 1977[126]		Late Pleistocene
			†Sinomegaceros	†S. yabei [ja][120]	Cervus (Sinomegaceros) yabei Shikama, 1938[127]		Pleistocene
					Megaceros kinryuensis Matsumoto & Mori, 1956[128]
Megaceros (Sinomegaceros) ordosianus minor Kamei, 1958[129]
Giraffa (Orasius?) nipponica Matsumoto, 1926[117][130]
Capreolus			†C. tokunagai [species] Otuka, 1941[131]	Capreolus miyakoensis Hasegawa, Otsuka & Nohara, 1973[132]		Pleistocene–Holocene
Bovidae		Bubalus	Bubalus sp.[58]			Middle Pleistocene
		Bison	†B. hanaizumiensis [species]	Leptobison hanaizumiensis Matsumoto & Mori, 1956[128]		Late Pleistocene
			†B. priscus[58]
		Capricornis	†C. (?) nikitini[116]	Naemorhedus nikitini Shikama, 1949[133]		Pleistocene
Perissodactyla		†Hyopsodontidae	†Hyopsodus	†Hyopsodus sp.[8]			Early–Middle Eocene
	Hippomorpha	†Brontotheriidae		†Brontotheriidae sp.[8]
		Equidae	†Anchitherium	†Anchitherium aff. A. gobiense[134]	Anchitherium hypohippoides Matsumoto, 1921[135]		Early Miocene
	†Ancylopoda	†Isectolophidae	†Isectolophus [it]	†Isectolophus sp.[8]			Early–Middle Eocene
		†Chalicotheriidae		†Schizotheriinae sp.[136]			Early Miocene
	Tapiroidea	†Helaletidae	†Plesiocolopirus	†P. grangeri[8]	Desmatotherium grangeri Tokunaga, 1933[137]		Middle Eocene
				†P. kushiroensis [ja]	Colodon kushiroensis Tomida, 1983[138]		Middle Eocene–Early Oligocene
		Tapiridae	†Plesiotapirus	†P. yagii [species]	Palaeotapirus yagii Matsumoto, 1921[135]		Early Miocene
	Rhinocerotoidea	†Hyrachyidae [nl]	†Hyrachyus	cf. †Hyrachyus sp.[74]			Early–Middle Eocene
		†Amynodontidae	†Zaisanamynodon	†Zaisanamynodon cf. Z. protheroi[8]			Middle–Late Eocene
				cf. †Z. borisovi[8]			Late Eocene
			†Amynodon [it]	†A. watanabei[8]	†Amynodon (?) watanabei Tokunaga, 1926[139]		Middle–Late Eocene
		Rhinocerotidae	†Brachypotherium	†B. pugnator[136]	Teleoceras (Brachypotherium) pugnator Matsumoto, 1921[135]		Early Miocene
					Chilotherium pugnator
					Teleoceras (?) kaniensis Tokunaga, 1926[139]
					Teleoceras (?) tokiensis Tokunaga, 1926[139]
			†Plesiaceratherium	†Plesiaceratherium sp.[50]
			†Stephanorhinus	†S. kirchbergensis[140]	Dicerorhinus nipponicus [ja] Shikama, 1967[141]		Middle Pleistocene
					Rhinoceros shindoi Tokunaga, 1931[142]
Carnivora		†Miacidae		†Miacidae sp.[8]			Early–Middle Eocene
	Feliformia	Felidae	Panthera	†P. youngi[143]	Felis youngi		Middle Pleistocene
			Felis	†F. microtus[144]			Pleistocene
	†Amphicyonoidea	†Amphicyonidae	†Ysengrinia	†Ysengrinia sp.[145]			Middle Miocene
	Canoidea	Canidae	Canis	†C. falconeri[146]			Early Pleistocene
			Cuon	Cuon sp.[147]			Middle Pleistocene
			Nyctereutes	†N. viverrinus nipponicus Shikama, 1949[133]			Pleistocene
	Musteloidea	Ailuridae	†Parailurus	†Parailurus sp.[148]			Early–Middle Pliocene
		Mustelidae	Meles	†M. mukasianakuma Shikama, 1949[133][58]			Middle Pleistocene
				†M. leucurus kuzuuensis Shikama, 1949[133][58]
			Martes	†M. ten [species] Shikama, 1949[133]			Pleistocene
			†Enhydrictis	†E. (Oriensictis) nipponica	Lutra nipponica Naora, 1968[149]		Middle Pleistocene
					Oriensictis nipponica[150]
			Mustela	†M. constricta[58][144]
				†M. kuzuuensis[58]	Putorius kuzuuensis Shikama, 1949[133]		Late Pleistocene
	Pinnipedia[151]	†Desmatophocidae	†Allodesmus[152]	†A. uraiporensis [species] Tonomori et al., 2018[152]			Middle Miocene
				†A. naorai [species] Kohno, 1996[153]
				†A. sinanoensis[153]	Eumetopias sinanoensis Nagao, 1941[154]
					Megagomphos sinanoensis[155]
					Allodesmus megallos Hirota, 1995[155]
					Allodesmus sadoensis Hirota, 1995[155]
				†Allodesmus sp.[156]
		Otariidae	†Thalassoleon	†T. inouei Kohno, 1992[157]			Pliocene
			†Oriensarctos	†O. watasei [species]	Eumetopias watasei Matsumoto, 1925[158]		Early Pleistocene
			Callorhinus	†C. gilmorei[159]			Pliocene
				Otariidae sp.	Eumetopias ojiyaensis [species] Horikawa, 1981[160]		Late Pleistocene
		Odobenidae	†Prototaria	†P. planicephala Kohno, 1994[161]			Middle Miocene
				†P. primigena Takeyama & Ozawa, 1984[162]
			†Pseudotaria	†P. muramotoi [species] Kohno, 2006[163]			Miocene
			†Archaeodobenus	†A. akamatsui Tanaka & Kohno, 2015[164]			Late Miocene
			†Protodobenus	†P. japonicus [species] Horikawa, 1995[165]			Early Pliocene
			Odobenus	†O. mandanoensis [species] Tomida, 1989[166]			Middle Pleistocene

Historical extinctions and local extirpations

Order	Clade	Family	Genus	Species	Synonyms	Image	Age
Sirenia		Dugongidae	†Hydrodamalis	†H. gigas[46]			Early–Middle Pleistocene
Rodentia	Myomorpha	Cricetidae	Microtus	M. oeconomus[58]			Late Pleistocene
				M. fortis[58]
			Myopus	M. schisticolor[58]			Middle Pleistocene
Artiodactyla	Ruminantia	Cervidae	Rusa	R. unicolor[167]			Pliocene
			Alces	A. alces[168]			Late Pleistocene
		Moschidae	Moschus	M. moschiferus[133]			Pleistocene
		Bovidae	Bos	†B. primigenius[58]			Late Pleistocene
Carnivora	Feliformia	Felidae	Panthera	P. pardus[144]			Pleistocene
				P. tigris[144][116]
			Lynx	L. lynx[144][169]			Late Pleistocene-Holocene

Fossil species synonymized with extant or recently extinct species

Order	Clade	Family	Genus	Species	Synonyms	Image	Age
Artiodactyla	Suinae	Suidae	Sus	S. scrofa[170]	Sus nipponicus Matsumoto, 1915[171]		Middle–Late Pleistocene
					Sus cf. lydekkeri[133]
Perissodactyla	Hippomorpha	Equidae	Equus	E. caballus[172]	Equus nipponicus Shikama & Onuki, 1962[173]		Late Pleistocene–Holocene
Carnivora	Arctoidea	Ursidae	Ursus	U. arctos[174]	Ursus tanakai Shikama, 1949[133]		Pleistocene
	Pinnipedia	Otariidae	Zalophus	Z. californianus[175]: 72	Eumetopias (?) kishidai Shikama, 1953[176]
				†Z. japonicus[175]: 72	Zalophus kimitsensis Matsumoto, 1939[177]		Early Pleistocene

See also

• List of prehistoric birds of Japan
• Land bridges of Japan

References

1. "IUCN Red List>Advanced Search>Taxonomy: Mammalia — Red List Category: Extinct — Land Regions: Japan". IUCN. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
2. レッドリスト 哺乳類 [Red List: Mammals] (in Japanese). Ministry of the Environment. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
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4. Rougier, Guillermo W.; Isaji Shinji; Manabe, M. (2007). "An Early Cretaceous mammal from the Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group), Japan, and a reassessment of triconodont phylogeny". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 76 (2): 73–115. doi:10.2992/0097-4463(2007)76[73:AECMFT]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85626914.
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6. Kusuhashi Nao; Tsutsumi Yukiyasu; Saegusa Haruo; et al. (2013). "A new Early Cretaceous eutherian mammal from the Sasayama Group, Hyogo, Japan". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1759). doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0142. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3619506. PMID 23536594. 20130142.
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8. Miyata Kazunori; Tomida Yukimitsu; et al. (2011). 日本九州西部赤崎组和中甑组始新世 哺乳动物:初步结果及其与亚洲陆相 哺乳动物分期的对比 [Eocene mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki formations, western Kyushu, Japan: Preliminary work and correlation with Asian Land Mammal Ages]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese and English). 491 (1): 53–68.
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