List of U.S. states and territories by income inequality
The United States has the greatest income disparity among developed nations .[ 1] However, the inequality indicators vary considerably from state to state. States that have a high concentration of skilled jobs, implement regressive tax policies, or have weaker worker protections in general tend to have greater income inequalities. As of 2019, the highest inequality may be observed in Puerto Rico , around the New York City and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas, across much of the Southern United States , in California , and in Massachusetts .
Reasons for differences in income inequality among the states
In the framework of American federalism , states generally have wide latitude to enact policies within their borders, including state taxation and labor laws . Among the factors that may increase inequality in a state are regressive state tax policies[ 2] (taxation has played a growing role in diminishing inequality since the 1980s),[ 3] tax incentives for large companies,[ 4] corruption ,[ 5] reduced labor-union membership,[ 6] right-to-work laws ,[ 7] lower minimum wages ,[ 8] poorer healthcare,[ 9] and increased welfare spending on the poor.[ 7] Additionally, since the 1970s, income disparities have disproportionately increased in metropolitan areas, because of the concentration of high-skilled jobs there.[ 10] [ 11] For example, even though New York is the state with the highest inequality, Upstate New York has much less income inequality than Downstate New York , because the economy of New York City (Gini index 0.5469)[ 12] relies greatly on high-salary earners.[ 11] States with better financial development tend to be more unequal than those with worse financial opportunities; but the trends go in the opposite directions for high-income and low-income states, the former having more equality up to a certain level of development, beyond which the inequality rises non-linearly.[ 13] The influx of foreign direct investment lessens the disparity at the federal level, but it does not necessarily do so for individual states.[ 14]
Gini coefficient
Map of Gini coefficients by US state, 2019
The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of incomes (or sometimes wealth) across individuals. A score of "0" on the Gini coefficient represents complete equality, i.e. every person has the same income. A score of 1 would represent the case in which one person would have all the income and others would have none. Therefore, a lower Gini score is roughly associated with a more equal distribution of income and vice versa. In 2018 U.S. income inequality as measured by the Gini index was close to the highest recorded values ever.[ 15] [ 16]
The information was tabulated in 2019 from data from the American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the US Census Bureau . The South , the tri-state area around New York City and California tend to have more income inequality, while the Upper Midwest , the Northwest and Northern New England are relatively more equal. According to the American Community Survey's (ACS) 2019 estimate, Utah is the most equal state when it comes to income, while New York is the most unequal by this measure, with the Gini indices , before taxes and transfer,[ 17] of 0.4268 and 0.5149, respectively.[ 18]
The uncertainties are not shown in the table. The ACS gives a much higher estimate of the Gini coefficient for the United States than other sources.[ 15] [ 16] [ 19]
Shares of income by percentiles
States and territories are sorted by the share of the lowest quintile in aggregate household income, i.e. the share of household income of 20% of the poorest households in the total household income. Due to different methodologies by which the United States Census Bureau and the EPI have calculated their results, the data should not be compared.
By households
Data for quintiles and top 5% come from the American Community Survey estimates in 2019.[ 21]
#
Entity[ a]
First (lowest) quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Fifth (highest) quintile
Of which top 5%
Mean income
Share
Mean income
Share
Mean income
Share
Mean income
Share
Mean income
Share
Mean income
Share
United States
$14,521
3.15%
$39,139
8.48%
$66,006
14.30%
$103,917
22.51%
$238,035
51.56%
$430,662
23.32%
1
Utah
$20,124
4.18%
$49,437
10.25%
$75,847
15.73%
$109,645
22.74%
$227,022
47.09%
$403,396
20.92%
2
Idaho
$16,199
4.11%
$38,686
9.80%
$61,073
15.47%
$90,879
23.01%
$188,036
47.62%
$325,365
20.60%
3
South Dakota
$15,519
4.00%
$37,357
9.62%
$59,967
15.45%
$90,692
23.36%
$184,714
47.58%
$317,665
20.45%
4
Nebraska
$15,965
3.87%
$39,782
9.64%
$63,576
15.40%
$95,376
23.11%
$197,997
47.98%
$343,133
20.79%
5
Wisconsin
$16,034
3.87%
$39,807
9.60%
$64,285
15.51%
$96,390
23.25%
$197,977
47.76%
$345,564
20.84%
6
Iowa
$15,270
3.81%
$38,455
9.58%
$61,810
15.40%
$92,822
23.13%
$192,979
48.08%
$339,126
21.12%
7
New Hampshire
$19,002
3.77%
$48,213
9.56%
$77,837
15.43%
$117,466
23.29%
$241,891
47.96%
$412,033
20.42%
8
Maine
$14,674
3.75%
$36,011
9.20%
$59,241
15.13%
$90,983
23.24%
$190,606
48.68%
$327,475
20.91%
9
Alaska
$18,408
3.74%
$47,516
9.65%
$75,786
15.39%
$116,589
23.67%
$234,221
47.55%
$387,399
19.66%
10
Minnesota
$18,156
3.74%
$46,381
9.56%
$74,632
15.39%
$111,856
23.06%
$233,949
48.24%
$406,818
20.97%
11
Wyoming
$15,528
3.74%
$40,761
9.80%
$66,001
15.87%
$97,455
23.44%
$196,029
47.15%
$339,640
20.42%
12
Kansas
$15,090
3.67%
$38,458
9.35%
$62,366
15.16%
$94,502
22.97%
$200,932
48.85%
$350,796
21.32%
13
Vermont
$15,054
3.63%
$38,675
9.32%
$63,610
15.32%
$96,920
23.35%
$200,816
48.38%
$343,288
20.68%
14
Montana
$13,899
3.60%
$35,107
9.08%
$57,539
14.88%
$88,237
22.82%
$191,819
49.62%
$350,655
22.67%
15
Indiana
$13,987
3.59%
$35,772
9.16%
$58,036
14.87%
$89,247
22.86%
$193,279
49.52%
$348,590
22.33%
16
Colorado
$18,417
3.56%
$48,151
9.30%
$77,739
15.02%
$118,168
22.83%
$255,114
49.29%
$450,609
21.76%
17
Oregon
$15,597
3.53%
$40,845
9.24%
$67,311
15.22%
$103,468
23.39%
$215,026
48.62%
$365,465
20.66%
18
North Dakota
$15,064
3.52%
$39,112
9.14%
$64,634
15.11%
$98,958
23.13%
$209,985
49.09%
$373,709
21.84%
19
Washington
$18,576
3.51%
$48,370
9.15%
$78,904
14.92%
$120,904
22.86%
$262,118
49.56%
$457,171
21.61%
20
Arizona
$14,754
3.50%
$38,775
9.18%
$62,516
14.81%
$96,326
22.82%
$209,819
49.70%
$367,580
21.77%
21
Hawaii
$18,445
3.47%
$51,487
9.69%
$83,525
15.72%
$125,285
23.58%
$252,492
47.53%
$423,529
19.93%
22
Michigan
$13,976
3.47%
$36,017
8.93%
$59,559
14.76%
$92,178
22.85%
$201,676
49.99%
$356,455
22.09%
23
Delaware
$15,945
3.45%
$43,297
9.37%
$70,395
15.23%
$107,695
23.30%
$224,894
48.65%
$387,937
20.98%
24
Missouri
$13,294
3.42%
$34,818
8.94%
$57,697
14.82%
$89,430
22.96%
$194,185
49.86%
$345,545
22.18%
25
Ohio
$13,601
3.42%
$35,246
8.87%
$58,719
14.77%
$90,882
22.86%
$199,074
50.08%
$354,673
22.30%
26
Arkansas
$11,555
3.39%
$29,074
8.52%
$49,079
14.39%
$77,445
22.70%
$173,941
50.99%
$315,234
23.10%
27
Tennessee
$13,144
3.37%
$33,913
8.69%
$56,209
14.41%
$87,453
22.41%
$199,456
51.12%
$366,578
23.49%
28
Florida
$14,026
3.35%
$36,228
8.64%
$59,312
14.14%
$92,392
22.03%
$217,456
51.85%
$404,254
24.10%
29
North Carolina
$13,301
3.33%
$34,642
8.66%
$57,647
14.40%
$90,467
22.61%
$204,129
51.01%
$367,316
22.95%
30
Nevada
$14,425
3.32%
$39,271
9.03%
$63,769
14.67%
$97,058
22.33%
$220,208
50.65%
$415,695
23.91%
31
Maryland
$18,902
3.31%
$52,314
9.17%
$86,873
15.23%
$132,242
23.18%
$280,115
49.10%
$478,927
20.99%
32
Oklahoma
$12,507
3.31%
$32,890
8.71%
$54,708
14.49%
$85,519
22.64%
$192,061
50.85%
$352,070
23.30%
33
Pennsylvania
$14,295
3.26%
$37,855
8.62%
$63,852
14.55%
$99,443
22.65%
$223,499
50.92%
$403,160
22.96%
34
Virginia
$17,138
3.26%
$45,821
8.72%
$76,771
14.61%
$120,555
22.94%
$265,171
50.46%
$455,891
21.69%
35
Texas
$14,556
3.25%
$38,685
8.63%
$64,520
14.39%
$101,720
22.68%
$228,924
51.05%
$408,263
22.76%
36
West Virginia
$10,649
3.24%
$28,675
8.71%
$48,905
14.85%
$77,739
23.61%
$163,240
49.58%
$280,030
21.26%
37
Rhode Island
$14,829
3.20%
$40,953
8.85%
$70,808
15.30%
$107,226
23.17%
$228,951
49.47%
$406,567
21.96%
38
Georgia
$13,668
3.16%
$36,961
8.55%
$62,262
14.40%
$97,048
22.45%
$222,399
51.44%
$402,002
23.25%
39
South Carolina
$12,334
3.16%
$34,044
8.71%
$56,598
14.48%
$89,011
22.77%
$198,951
50.89%
$355,363
22.72%
40
Kentucky
$11,367
3.15%
$30,762
8.52%
$52,800
14.62%
$82,595
22.87%
$183,549
50.83%
$333,777
23.11%
41
Illinois
$14,667
3.07%
$40,418
8.44%
$69,263
14.47%
$109,103
22.79%
$245,173
51.22%
$442,476
23.11%
42
New Mexico
$10,976
3.07%
$29,804
8.33%
$52,194
14.58%
$83,044
23.20%
$181,940
50.83%
$314,941
21.99%
43
Alabama
$10,916
3.06%
$30,244
8.46%
$52,062
14.57%
$83,697
23.42%
$180,469
50.50%
$311,208
21.77%
44
New Jersey
$18,249
3.06%
$50,796
8.52%
$86,333
14.47%
$135,936
22.79%
$305,190
51.16%
$540,499
22.65%
45
California
$16,981
2.99%
$47,103
8.30%
$80,693
14.21%
$127,666
22.48%
$295,369
52.02%
$531,014
23.38%
46
Mississippi
$9,715
2.99%
$26,122
8.03%
$45,905
14.11%
$74,345
22.85%
$169,318
52.03%
$304,820
23.42%
47
Connecticut
$16,037
2.80%
$45,494
7.94%
$78,998
13.78%
$126,468
22.07%
$306,153
53.42%
$579,711
25.29%
48
Massachusetts
$16,450
2.80%
$49,102
8.36%
$86,122
14.66%
$136,548
23.25%
$299,188
50.93%
$526,243
22.40%
49
Louisiana
$9,426
2.60%
$27,826
7.66%
$51,134
14.07%
$84,866
23.36%
$190,038
52.31%
$336,976
23.19%
50
New York
$13,372
2.49%
$40,540
7.55%
$72,668
13.54%
$118,290
22.04%
$291,906
54.38%
$553,773
25.79%
51
District of Columbia
$13,762
2.03%
$50,961
7.53%
$93,636
13.83%
$156,790
23.16%
$361,695
53.44%
$640,700
23.66%
52
Puerto Rico
$2,546
1.54%
$11,355
6.87%
$20,645
12.49%
$35,887
21.71%
$94,840
57.38%
$179,744
27.19%
By families
The data presented in the table comes from the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), a think tank, relying on data from 2015 tax returns.[ 22] [ 23] The table is sorted according to mean income of families (leftmost column).
#
Entity[ b]
Mean income
Bottom 90%
90th-95th percentile
95th-99th percentile
99th-99.5th percentile
99.5th-99.9th percentile
99.9th-99.99th percentile
Top 0.01%
Ratios of average income
Mean
Share
Mean
Share
Mean
Share
Mean
Share
Mean
Share
Mean
Share
Mean
Share
Top 10%/Bottom 90%
Top 1%/Bottom 99%
United States
$62,776
$35,712
51.2%
$148,367
11.82%
$251,184
16.01%
$525,941
4.19%
$1,014,839
6.47%
$3,610,007
5.18%
$32,231,855
5.15%
8.58
26.28
1
Connecticut
$92,293
$47,678
46.49%
$191,398
10.37%
$364,628
15.8%
$883,709
4.79%
$1,875,492
8.13%
$6,986,612
6.81%
$70,019,008
7.61%
10.36
37.24
2
Alaska
$80,258
$59,020
66.18%
$157,792
9.83%
$253,740
12.65%
$478,028
2.98%
$847,542
4.22%
$2,352,936
2.64%
$12,202,360
1.5%
4.6
12.66
3
New Jersey
$80,236
$45,959
51.55%
$192,645
12%
$335,564
16.73%
$706,880
4.41%
$1,356,809
6.76%
$4,310,330
4.83%
$29,977,585
3.71%
8.46
24.31
4
Massachusetts
$80,125
$43,129
48.44%
$183,931
11.48%
$326,594
16.3%
$698,164
4.36%
$1,436,407
7.17%
$5,264,275
5.91%
$50,073,531
6.33%
9.58
30.88
5
Wyoming
$79,320
$50,057
56.8%
$117,805
7.43%
$234,288
11.81%
$518,794
3.27%
$1,141,617
5.76%
$4,906,764
5.57%
$74,430,630
9.37%
6.85
31.2
6
District of Columbia
$79,080
$42,007
47.81%
$185,316
11.72%
$335,460
16.97%
$731,702
4.63%
$1,493,112
7.55%
$5,160,851
5.87%
$43,313,489
5.45%
9.83
30.42
7
North Dakota
$78,441
$56,154
64.43%
$140,368
8.95%
$251,890
12.84%
$537,519
3.43%
$979,301
4.99%
$2,849,992
3.27%
$16,638,624
2.09%
4.97
15.82
8
Maryland
$74,376
$47,989
58.07%
$173,556
11.67%
$278,771
14.99%
$539,027
3.62%
$990,375
5.33%
$3,044,613
3.68%
$19,960,954
2.64%
6.5
17.84
9
New Hampshire
$73,509
$48,522
59.41%
$159,167
10.83%
$263,486
14.34%
$497,666
3.39%
$903,356
4.92%
$3,048,414
3.73%
$24,495,804
3.4%
6.15
18.06
10
Virginia
$73,316
$47,318
58.09%
$171,941
11.73%
$275,813
15.05%
$520,672
3.55%
$935,689
5.1%
$2,980,645
3.66%
$20,071,419
2.82%
6.49
17.66
11
Colorado
$73,163
$46,003
56.59%
$161,401
11.03%
$276,993
15.14%
$560,707
3.83%
$1,052,236
5.75%
$3,431,201
4.22%
$25,509,683
3.43%
6.9
20.62
12
California
$71,531
$38,410
48.33%
$164,067
11.47%
$295,694
16.54%
$628,703
4.39%
$1,264,510
7.07%
$4,655,579
5.86%
$45,539,688
6.35%
9.62
30.7
13
New York
$71,146
$33,471
42.34%
$148,181
10.41%
$289,707
16.29%
$699,269
4.91%
$1,537,953
8.65%
$6,031,176
7.63%
$69,948,807
9.77%
12.26
44.39
14
Washington
$70,362
$41,486
53.07%
$161,375
11.47%
$278,080
15.81%
$560,971
3.99%
$1,035,344
5.89%
$3,750,399
4.8%
$35,510,381
4.99%
7.96
24.22
15
Texas
$68,497
$41,427
54.43%
$149,463
10.91%
$257,496
15.04%
$544,586
3.98%
$1,064,130
6.21%
$3,698,309
4.86%
$31,131,378
4.57%
7.53
24.16
16
Minnesota
$68,016
$42,153
55.78%
$152,178
11.19%
$265,356
15.61%
$548,160
4.03%
$982,461
5.78%
$3,190,827
4.22%
$23,313,209
3.4%
7.14
20.9
17
South Dakota
$67,344
$44,705
59.74%
$134,464
9.98%
$227,150
13.49%
$499,745
3.71%
$945,626
5.62%
$3,066,174
4.1%
$22,259,893
3.36%
6.06
19.96
18
Nebraska
$66,892
$46,300
62.29%
$139,083
10.4%
$220,227
13.17%
$442,182
3.31%
$817,349
4.89%
$2,531,241
3.41%
$17,700,629
2.54%
5.45
16.3
19
Kansas
$66,409
$44,263
59.99%
$141,368
10.64%
$228,922
13.79%
$460,073
3.46%
$849,610
5.12%
$2,773,428
3.76%
$21,151,645
3.24%
6
18.27
20
Illinois
$65,814
$37,404
51.15%
$147,512
11.21%
$266,361
16.19%
$564,312
4.29%
$1,097,449
6.67%
$3,878,629
5.3%
$34,418,224
5.19%
8.6
27.04
21
Hawaii
$65,377
$46,135
63.51%
$144,391
11.04%
$216,644
13.26%
$377,292
2.89%
$678,142
4.15%
$2,089,348
2.88%
$14,490,658
2.28%
5.17
13.74
22
Utah
$63,648
$41,144
58.18%
$140,009
11%
$226,189
14.21%
$460,298
3.62%
$870,211
5.47%
$2,875,818
4.07%
$22,200,819
3.46%
6.47
19.72
23
Oklahoma
$61,333
$41,632
61.09%
$128,051
10.44%
$203,408
13.27%
$409,091
3.34%
$763,424
4.98%
$2,492,468
3.66%
$19,982,262
3.23%
5.73
17.75
24
Pennsylvania
$61,331
$37,220
54.62%
$144,964
11.82%
$239,384
15.61%
$477,868
3.9%
$880,578
5.74%
$2,966,398
4.35%
$24,428,147
3.96%
7.48
21.66
26
Iowa
$61,100
$42,288
62.29%
$136,305
11.15%
$208,545
13.65%
$398,722
3.26%
$708,743
4.64%
$2,031,821
2.99%
$12,226,685
2.01%
5.45
14.67
27
Wisconsin
$60,087
$38,969
58.37%
$136,859
11.39%
$213,219
14.19%
$428,881
3.57%
$800,748
5.33%
$2,591,790
3.88%
$19,963,684
3.27%
6.42
18.93
28
Rhode Island
$59,736
$37,979
57.22%
$145,558
12.18%
$224,871
15.06%
$423,403
3.54%
$791,099
5.3%
$2,495,936
3.76%
$17,754,831
2.94%
6.73
18.21
29
Delaware
$59,234
$38,022
57.77%
$147,042
12.41%
$224,169
15.14%
$413,675
3.49%
$754,106
5.09%
$2,319,168
3.52%
$15,522,579
2.57%
6.58
17.03
30
Vermont
$57,946
$38,175
59.29%
$136,517
11.78%
$214,919
14.84%
$390,548
3.37%
$709,443
4.9%
$2,157,359
3.35%
$14,433,588
2.47%
6.18
16.24
31
Idaho
$55,542
$36,791
59.62%
$127,084
11.44%
$194,590
14.01%
$383,426
3.45%
$707,429
5.09%
$2,217,680
3.59%
$15,549,288
2.79%
6.1
17.38
32
Oregon
$54,718
$32,580
53.59%
$142,250
13%
$229,862
16.8%
$435,299
3.98%
$783,967
5.73%
$2,402,341
3.95%
$16,614,076
2.95%
7.8
19.72
33
Nevada
$54,603
$29,348
48.37%
$130,936
11.99%
$202,394
14.83%
$434,177
3.98%
$921,083
6.75%
$3,659,705
6.03%
$43,398,535
8.06%
9.61
32.67
34
Ohio
$54,286
$34,445
57.11%
$129,717
11.95%
$205,240
15.12%
$406,909
3.75%
$745,525
5.49%
$2,278,530
3.78%
$15,522,306
2.8%
6.76
18.61
35
Florida
$54,134
$25,330
42.11%
$132,848
12.27%
$231,578
17.11%
$526,040
4.86%
$1,115,498
8.24%
$4,246,994
7.06%
$45,516,509
8.34%
12.37
39.47
36
Indiana
$54,079
$35,292
58.73%
$129,989
12.02%
$194,351
14.38%
$384,281
3.55%
$711,978
5.27%
$2,148,945
3.58%
$13,339,757
2.48%
6.32
17.3
37
Georgia
$53,661
$30,874
51.78%
$136,683
12.74%
$227,121
16.93%
$454,127
4.23%
$850,589
6.34%
$2,690,006
4.51%
$18,861,618
3.47%
8.38
22.55
38
Missouri
$53,652
$32,679
54.82%
$131,782
12.28%
$205,077
15.29%
$402,866
3.75%
$762,426
5.68%
$2,543,690
4.27%
$20,094,857
3.9%
7.42
21.16
39
Montana
$53,305
$33,408
56.41%
$129,705
12.17%
$204,807
15.37%
$392,774
3.68%
$727,355
5.46%
$2,271,178
3.83%
$16,642,147
3.08%
6.96
18.94
40
Tennessee
$53,247
$32,630
55.15%
$125,779
11.81%
$203,017
15.25%
$409,589
3.85%
$774,209
5.82%
$2,546,641
4.3%
$20,033,457
3.82%
7.32
21.42
41
Louisiana
$52,753
$33,644
57.4%
$128,604
12.19%
$197,471
14.97%
$386,635
3.66%
$716,352
5.43%
$2,174,654
3.71%
$13,388,894
2.63%
6.68
18.07
42
North Carolina
$52,441
$31,268
53.66%
$132,419
12.63%
$216,239
16.49%
$418,122
3.99%
$768,370
5.86%
$2,402,122
4.12%
$17,703,228
3.25%
7.77
20.59
43
Michigan
$51,574
$30,266
52.82%
$136,035
13.19%
$208,895
16.2%
$403,459
3.91%
$755,627
5.86%
$2,458,467
4.29%
$19,924,851
3.73%
8.04
21.43
44
Arizona
$50,406
$29,477
52.63%
$132,016
13.1%
$211,235
16.76%
$404,154
4.01%
$761,808
6.05%
$2,387,588
4.26%
$16,609,364
3.19%
8.1
21.02
45
Maine
$48,708
$31,164
57.58%
$125,516
12.88%
$195,640
16.07%
$360,334
3.7%
$620,323
5.09%
$1,642,230
3.03%
$7,977,349
1.64%
6.63
15.41
46
Arkansas
$46,735
$27,628
53.21%
$120,300
12.87%
$180,174
15.42%
$319,775
3.42%
$622,099
5.32%
$2,174,255
4.19%
$26,603,208
5.57%
7.92
22.48
47
South Carolina
$45,871
$26,861
52.7%
$125,699
13.7%
$194,990
17%
$383,233
4.18%
$695,621
6.07%
$1,990,468
3.91%
$11,121,722
2.45%
8.08
19.7
48
Kentucky
$45,790
$28,069
55.17%
$122,430
13.37%
$180,401
15.76%
$334,689
3.65%
$616,790
5.39%
$1,868,021
3.67%
$13,368,017
2.99%
7.31
18.44
49
Alabama
$45,638
$27,318
53.87%
$124,795
13.67%
$184,396
16.16%
$360,246
3.95%
$662,432
5.81%
$1,962,084
3.87%
$12,219,118
2.67%
7.71
19.27
50
New Mexico
$45,429
$28,758
56.97%
$122,701
13.5%
$181,522
15.98%
$307,694
3.39%
$556,635
4.9%
$1,593,355
3.16%
$9,517,871
2.1%
6.8
15.5
51
Mississippi
$40,804
$25,477
56.19%
$112,693
13.81%
$160,890
15.77%
$304,102
3.73%
$538,878
5.28%
$1,484,044
3.27%
$7,929,519
1.94%
7.02
16.42
52
West Virginia
$39,993
$25,014
56.29%
$116,972
14.62%
$156,883
15.69%
$295,291
3.69%
$508,234
5.08%
$1,322,406
2.98%
$6,569,242
1.64%
6.99
15.31
See also
Notes
^ a b State, district or territory
^ State or district
References
^ United Press International (UPI), 22 Jun. 2018, "U.N. Report: With 40M in Poverty, U.S. Most Unequal Developed Nation"
^ Hatch, Megan E.; Rigby, Elizabeth. "How States Can Fight Growing Economic Inequality" . Scholars Strategy Network . Retrieved 2022-02-09 .
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^ Jansa, Joshua (7 November 2019). "Inequality is higher in some states like New York and Louisiana because of corporate welfare" . The Conversation . Retrieved 2022-02-09 .
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^ Bucci, Laura C. (June 2018). "Organized Labor's Check on Rising Economic Inequality in the U.S. States" . State Politics & Policy Quarterly . 18 (2): 148– 173. doi :10.1177/1532440018760198 . ISSN 1532-4400 . S2CID 158728596 .
^ a b Hatch, Megan E.; Rigby, Elizabeth (2015). "Laboratories of (In)equality? Redistributive Policy and Income Inequality in the American States" . Policy Studies Journal . 43 (2): 163– 187. doi :10.1111/psj.12094 . ISSN 1541-0072 .
^ Volscho, Thomas W. (2005-01-01). "Minimum Wages and Income Inequality in the American States, 1960–2000" (PDF) . Research in Social Stratification and Mobility . 23 : 343– 368. doi :10.1016/S0276-5624(05)23011-1 . ISSN 0276-5624 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017.
^ Shi, Leiyu; Macinko, James; Starfield, Barbara; Wulu, John; Regan, Jerri; Politzer, Robert (2003-09-01). "The Relationship Between Primary Care, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US States, 1980–1995" . The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice . 16 (5): 412– 422. doi :10.3122/jabfm.16.5.412 . ISSN 1557-2625 . PMID 14645332 . S2CID 33284246 .
^ Morrill, Richard (2000-03-01). "Geographic variation in change in income inequality among US states, 1970–1990" . The Annals of Regional Science . 34 (1): 109– 130. Bibcode :2000ARegS..34..109M . doi :10.1007/s001680050129 . ISSN 1432-0592 . S2CID 153673682 .
^ a b "Why Are Some Places So Much More Unequal Than Others? - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK" . www.newyorkfed.org . Retrieved 2022-02-09 .
^ Bach, Trevor (2020-09-21). "The 10 U.S. Cities With the Largest Income Inequality Gaps" . U.S. News & World Report .
^ Bittencourt, Manoel; Chang, Shinhye; Gupta, Rangan; Miller, Stephen M. (2019-11-01). "Does financial development affect income inequality in the U.S. States?" . Journal of Policy Modeling . 41 (6): 1043– 1056. doi :10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.07.008 . hdl :2263/73542 . ISSN 0161-8938 . S2CID 158772280 .
^ Chintrakarn, Pandej; Herzer, Dierk; Nunnenkamp, Peter (2012). "Fdi and Income Inequality: Evidence from a Panel of U.s. States" . Economic Inquiry . 50 (3): 788– 801. doi :10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00384.x . hdl :10419/30062 . ISSN 1465-7295 . S2CID 14076863 .
^ a b "The Distribution of Household Income, 2018 | Congressional Budget Office" . www.cbo.gov . 4 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-08 .
^ a b World Bank (1974-01-01). "GINI Index for the United States" . FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 2022-02-08 .
^ OECD (2021). "Income redistribution" . Government at a Glance . doi :10.1787/1c258f55-en . ISBN 9789264909694 . S2CID 242842694 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 .
^ a b "B19083: Gini index of income inequality (1-year estimate)" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2022-02-08 .
^ "Income inequality – Gini Index" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 2022-02-08 .
^ "B19083: Gini index of income inequality (5-year estimate)" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2022-02-08 .
^ "B19082: Shares of aggregate household income by quintiles" . data.census.gov . Retrieved 2022-02-09 .
^ Sommeiller, Estelle; Price, Mark (2018-07-19). "The new gilded age: Income inequality in the U.S. by state, metropolitan area, and county" . Economic Policy Institute .
^ "Data to EPI's report" . Economic Policy Institute . 2018-06-07.
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