Sandstone and clay with a coaly admixture and the inclusion of wood remains.[4][5]
Other
Shallow, continental basins with sandy-clayey sediments deposited with traces of breaks and weathering. Upper part is dominated by argillaceous sediments. Cemented sandstones with interlayers of kaolinite-hydromica clays.[6]
The Lava Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in Lithuania and Kaliningrad, being either the sister or the same unit as the Ciechocinek Formation.[7][8] It represents the outcrop of Lower Toarcian layers in the Baltic Syncline and in the Lithuanian-Polish Syneclise (C8-borehole in Gdańsk Bay). It is known by the presence of Miospores and Pollen, as well Plant remains.[9] The formation contains grey, greenish, and dark grey silt and clay with interealatians and lenses of fine-grained sand, pyritic concretions and plant remains (carbonised wood fragments).[10] The Jotvingiai GroupToarcian deposits represent deposits laid down in fresh water and brackish basins, possibly lagoons or coastal plain lakes.[11] The Bartoszyce IG 1 of the Ciechocinek Formation shows how at the initial phase of the Toarcian there was a regional transgression in the Baltic Syncline, indicated by greenish-grey mudstones, heteroliths and fine-grained sandstones with abundant plant fossils and plant roots, what indicates a local delta progradation between the Lava and Ciechocinek Fms.[8] Then a great accumulation of miospores (+2500 specimens) indicates a local concentration, likely due to a rapidly decelerating fluvial flow in a delta-fringing lagoon forming a “hydrodynamic trap”, with the wave and currents stopping the miospores to spread to the basin.[8] Latter a marsh system developed with numerous palaeosol levels, being overlayed by brackish-marine embayment deposits that return to lagoon-marsh facies with numerous plant roots (Radicites sp) and palaeosol levels in the uppermost section, ending the succession.[8] Overall the facies show that the local Ciechocinek-Lava system was a sedimentary basin shallow and isolated, surrounded by a flat coastal/delta plain with marshes, delivering abundant spores and Phytoclasts, indicators of proximal landmasses with high availability of wood and other plant material.[8]
This climate at the time of deposition was strongly seasonal, probably with monsoonal periods.[12] Due to the abundant presence of deltaic sediments on the upper part, it is considered to be related to the retry of the sea level. The Lava Formation was deposited on a mostly continental setting, with its upper part, dominated by argillaceous sediments, corresponding to the Ciechocinek Formation.[8] There is a great amount of kaolinite content, being present laterally in the basin, decreasing and lifting space to increasing smectite to the south-west of the formation. On the other hand, there is a great amount of coarsest sediments, which consist mostly of sands.[13]
Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related with herbaceous to arbustive flora common on humid environments
Affinities with the Selaginellaceae inside Lycopsida. Herbaceous Lycophyte flora, similar to Ferns, related with Humid Settings. This Family of Spores are also the most diverse on the Formation.
Pollen from the Family Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic Fossil floras, that can be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.
Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales. The local Podozamites show a rather great range of Growth, reflecting Tropical to subtropical conditions.
^Grigelis, A. (2007). "Geology of Lithuania (Lietuva)". Geology of the Land and Sea Areas of Northern Europe: A Collection of Short Descriptions of the Geology of Countries and Sea Are as within the Region Covered by the. 1 (4): 51–55. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ abcdGrigelis, A. (1994). "Jura". Lietuvos geologija. Grigelis, A. & Kadūnas, V. (Eds.). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, Vilnius. 1 (1): 139–153.
^ abcdeŠimkevičius, P. (2004). "Triasas ir jura". Lietuvos Žemės gelmių raida ir ištekliai. Geologijos ir geografijos institutas, Vilnius. 12 (3): 81–90.
^Paškevičius, J. (1997). "The geology of the Baltic Republics". Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba, Vilnius. 387 (3): 13–78.
^Zhamoida, V.; Sivkov, V.; Nesterova, E. (2017). "Mineral resources of the Kaliningrad Region". In Terrestrial and Inland Water Environment of the Kaliningrad Region. 56 (3): 13–32. doi:10.1007/698_2017_115.
^Grigelis, A.; Monkevich, K.; Vishniakov, I. (1985). "Sedimentatsiya i paleogeograftya mezozoya v zapadnoy chasti Vostochno-Evropeyskoy platformy (Mesozoic sedimentation and palaeogeography in the western part of the East European Platform)". Nauka I Technika. 23 (1): 1–215.
^ abcdefPieñkowski, G. (2004). "The epicontinental Lower Jurassic of Poland". Polish Geological Institute Special Papers. 12 (1): 1–154. S2CID128922070.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagVenozhinskene, A.I. (1971). "Palynological indications of the Early Jurassic deposits in the southern part of the Balticum [Palinologicheskoe Obosnovaie Nizhneyurskikh otlozhenii Yuzhnboi Pribaltiki]". Trudy Ministerstvo Geologii SSR,Akademiya Nauk SSR. 45 (3): 19–30.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzVenozhinskene, A.I.; Kisnerius, J. (1978). "Stratigraphy of Upper Triassic, (Rhaetian,), Jurassic, (Pre Middle Callovian), continental deposits of the western part of the southern Baltic area [ Stratigrafiya verkhetriasovykh (retskikh) Yurskikh (Dosrednekelloveiskikh) kontinental'nykh otlozhenii Zaladnoi Chasti Yuzhnoi Pribaltiki]". Trudy Ministerstvo Geologii SSR,Akademiya Nauk. 53 (5): 127–138.
^ abcdefghVasileva, N.S. (1973). "Mesozoic spore-pollen assemblages of the South Baltic off-shore region and their stratigraphic significance". International Palynological Conference,3rd, Proceedings; Nauka, Moscow, Russia. 6 (2): 104–108.
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN0-520-24209-2.
_2281.JPG)
.jpg)
.gif)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
