Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, an organization claiming to represent the majority of U.S. Vietnam War veterans who served in Southeast Asia, sponsored an event to speak against war protests.[1]
The East Pakistan Razakar Ordinance, promulgated by Pakistan Army General Tikka Khan, made the Razakars, a paramilitary organization that has carried out massacres of Bengali civilians in East Pakistan, recognized members of the Pakistan Army.[2]
Sergey Mikhailovich Izvekov was elected by bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church to be the new Patriarch of Moscow, leader of the Church, and took the name Pimen.[4] As Pimen the First, he was enthroned the next day.[5]
Lew Alcindor, winner in 1970 of the NBA's Most Valuable Player award, announced that he had changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. The former Alcindor says that he had chosen the name in 1968 after converting from Roman Catholicism to Islam, and that "Kareem" means "noble", "Abdul" was "servant of Allah" and "Jabbar" means "powerful".[12]
In the second of two games of the 1971 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final, held in Leeds, Leeds United F.C. played to a 1-1 draw with Juventus FC, after a 2-2 tie at Turin. Leeds was awarded the win based on a tiebreaker, based on "away goals," having had 2 goals in Italy compared to one goal by Juventus in Leeds.
West Germany's premier soccer football league, the Bundesliga, completed its regular season, with Borussia Mönchengladbach (with 20 wins and 10 draws) finishing in first place ahead of Bayern Munich (19 wins and 10 draws), after Munich lost, 0 to 2, to MSV Duisburg and Mönchengladbach defeated Eintracht Frankfurt, 4 to 1.[19]
A special train from Moorgate to Neasden depot, comprising No. L94 (ex-GWR 5700 Class No. 7752) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock, was run by London Transport to mark the end of its time operating steam locomotives.[25]
Philippine government official Manuel Elizalde, the head of the PANAMIN Foundation (Presidential Assistant on National Minorities), reported that he had discovered the Tasaday people, purported to be an isolated tribe, described as living in the "Stone Age", on the island of Mindanao, in the rain forest near Lake Sebu.[27] For the next 15 years, contact with the Tasadays was restricted by the Philippine government, but after the fall of the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, anthropologists were permitted to study the tribe further, discovering that the supposed cave people were living nearby in modern conditions and that Elizaide's discovery has been a hoax. The Australian Broadcasting Company would later produce a TV documentary called "The Tribe that Never Was" revealing the government had hired what would be described as "rain forest clock punchers".[28]
The three Soyuz 11 cosmonauts become the first humans in history to step aboard an orbiting space station after their capsule successfully docked with Salyut 1.[29]
All but three of 30 people on Allegheny Airlines Flight 485 died when the Convair CV-580 crashed on landing at New Haven, Connecticut and the plane burst into flames. The aircraft plowed through three vacant summer cottages and set fire to a fourth one, but the dwellings "were unoccupied because the season had not yet begun and no one on the ground was injured".[30][31] Although all but one person survived the initial impact, the people killed had been unable to open the emergency exit.[32]
The government of Pakistan issued a decree removing the two highest denominations of the Pakistani rupee paper currency notes from circulation and setting a deadline for citizens to exchange their 500-rupee and 100-rupee banknotes in return for a receipt promising new notes at some point in the next few weeks. The decision came after Bangladesh separatists in East Pakistan had flooded West Pakistan with counterfeited currency.[33]
J. I. Rodale, 72, American nutritionist, author and pioneer in organic gardening, died of a heart attack[35] while appearing as a guest for the taping of The Dick Cavett Show that was scheduled to be shown that evening.[36] After telling Cavett in the interview, "I've decided to live to be a hundred. I never felt better in my life," Rodale appeared to fall asleep while Cavett was interviewing his other guest, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill.
Leo Burnett, 79, American advertising executive and creator of memorable ad campaign characters including "Tony the Tiger", the "Maytag Repairman" and slogans like "You're in Good Hands" for Allstate Insurance.[37]
The U.S. ended its trade embargo of the People's Republic of China, more than 21 years after China came under control of the Chinese Communist Party. U.S. President Richard Nixon authorizes the American export of "nonstrategic items" and lifts all controls on imports from China.[46]
The Occupation of Alcatraz came to an end after 19 months during which American Indians from various tribes occupied Alcatraz Island off of the coast of California and lived in the closed Alcatraz federal penitentiary. A group of 79 Indians had seized control of the island on November 20, 1969; by the time the last group was evacuated, only 15 were occupying the island.[54]
At O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, TWA Flight 358, with 26 people on board preparing to depart for John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, was boarded by armed hijacker Gregory White, who demanded to be flown to North Vietnam, and killed a passenger, Howard Franks.[55] The passengers stampeded, and White was apprehended by an armed Deputy who shot and wounded the hijacker while the airliner landed safely at New York.[56][57] Franks, 65 years old, became the first U.S. airline passenger to be killed during a hijacking.[58]
The Sunday Times in London published the first news of the massacres in East Pakistan of the predominantly Hindu Bengali population by the Army of Pakistan and its paramilitary partners, the Razakars. Written by Karachi journalist Anthony Mascarenhas, who fled with his family to London prior to publication, the story bore the headline "GENOCIDE".[65]
In Australia, Mrs. Geraldine Brodrick of Canberra became only the second person known to give birth to nonuplets, bearing nine babies in 35 minutes at the Royal Hospital for Women in Randwick, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney.[66] Two were stillborn; the other seven, three boys and four girls weighing between one and two pounds, survived for only a few days, with last one, a boy, dying after six days.[67]
The Philippine sightseeing boat Edisco, with more than 100 people on board, capsizes in Manila Bay when passengers rush to one side of the boat to get out of the way of spray blowing from the ocean. Twenty-eight people were killed, while 80 more were rescued by nearby fishing boats and cruisers. The passengers were returning after a holiday excursion to the island of Corregidor.[68]
All 24 people aboard a U.S. Air Force C-135 jet transport were presumed dead after the aircraft disappeared into the Pacific Ocean after departing from Pago Pago in American Samoa to return to Hickham Air Force Base in Honolulu. The last radar contact had been when the jet had passed Palmyra Atoll.[69] The aircraft carried 12 civilian technicians and 12 U.S. Air Force personnel, of whom eight were from the Aeronautical Systems Division, and the jet was monitoring a nuclear test by France. Debris from the plane was found, but no bodies were located.[70][71]
American professional wrestling star Alberto Torres was fatally injured in a tag team match held at the town of Verdigre, Nebraska. Torres, who was matched against Douglas "Ox" Baker, died four days later at a hospital in Omaha.[73]
Doug Mew became the first person to swim across "The Rip", a dangerous waterway (because of its riptide and its rocky seabed) between Point Lonsdale and Point Nepean in Australia's State of Victoria.[74] A plaque was later erected at Point Lonsdale to commemorate his accomplishment.[75]
Former Soviet Communist Party leader and Premier Nikita Khrushchev made his first public appearance since being removed from office in 1964.[76] Khrushchev had come to Moscow to cast a vote in elections for the approval of the Party's Moscow representatives at the RSFSR's republic legislature.
Bill Briggs became the first person to perform extreme skiing in North America and the first to ski down the side of the steep 13,770 ft (4,200 m) Grand Teton mountain.[83][84] After finding that nobody at the ski resort town of Jackson Hole believed him, Briggs contacted the owner of the local newspaper, who sent a staff photographer to photograph the peak and Dawson's ski tracks.[85][86]
The stolen modello painting that served as the model by 17th-century artist El Greco (Doménikos Theotokópoulos) in 1607 for his masterpiece, The Virgin of The Immaculate Conception, signed by around 1607, was recovered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, almost 35 years after it had been stolen from a museum in Spain.[87] The FBI issued a statement two days later that it had been found in the home of a New York City jeweler, not otherwise identified and that the modello, itself a masterpiece, was returned to the Museo de Santa Cruz in the Spanish city of Toledo. The modello had been stolen from the home of its owner, Don Juan de Seigas y Marin, on July 18, 1936 during the Spanish Civil War.[87]
The U.S. Senate defeated a resolution sponsored by Senators George S. McGovern of South Dakota and Mark O. Hatfield of Oregon, both Democrats, a proposed amendment to a bill extending the draft, that would have set a deadline of December 31, 1971, to withdraw all U.S. military forces from Indochina.[91] The final vote was 42 for and 55 against. A compromise resolution that would have set a deadline of June 1, 1972, was defeated, 52 to 14. A similar resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives was defeated the next day, 158 to 253, with 105 Democrats and 149 Republicans voting against it.[92]
U.S. President Nixon began the "War on Drugs", declaring in a nationwide address that "America's public enemy number one in the United States was drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it was necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive."[94][95]
U.S. truck manufacturer Mack Trucks, Inc. announced that it had signed a contract with the government of the Soviet Union, subject to U.S. government approval, for Mack to design and supply equipment for the Russians to use for the KAMAZ truck factory, under construction in the Russian SFSR at Naberezhnye Chelny on the Kama River. The agreement, which would double the volume of U.S. exports to the U.S.S.R., had been executed on May 18 but not revealed until June 17 at the request of the Nixon administration.[98]
A 13-year-old girl became the first of at least 34 murder victims whose killer would leave the body in a 25-acre (10 hectares) patch of land in Galveston County, Texas, dubbed the "Texas Killing Fields". The body of 13-year-old Colette Wilson, of Alvin, Texas, would be found on November 26. were found near League City. Seven other female victims, ranging in age from 12 to 19, would disappear before the end of 1971.[99]
A drunken Jim Morrison made a recording in a Paris studio with two equally inebriated American street musicians he had befriended shortly before. [citation needed]
At least 64 people were killed at a Muslim mosque in the town of Manili in the Cotabato province on the Philippines island of Mindanao[105] after members of the minority Moro community were invited to a meeting to discuss a truce between Muslims and Christians. Members of the Ilaga, a paramilitary group that served as an auxiliary to the Philippine Constabulary accused the Moros of stockpiling firearms, then used hand grenades to kill as many people in the mosque as possible, following up by killing the survivors.[106]
The second of the NBA-ABA All-Star games took place in Indianapolis in a format where the West All-Stars and the East All-Stars were composed of players from both leagues. The West All-Stars, which included George McGinnis of the ABA Indiana Pacers and Earl "the Pearl" Monroe of the NBA New York Knicks, defeated the East All-Stars, 111 to 100.[112]
In western Turkey, near Afyonkarahisar, 33 people were killed and 24 injured in the collision of a bus and a truck.[113]
The International Court of Justice, commonly known as "The World Court", ruled 13 to 2 in an advisory that South Africa's occupation of the trust territory of South-West Africa (now Namibia) was illegal and that its administration of the territory should halt at once. The British and French judges opposed the ruling, and South Africa's government refused to abide by the World Court's judgment. South African Prime Minister John Vorster called the decision "an international political vendetta" and said that South Africa was administering South-West Africa "with a view to self-determination for all population groups".[114]
Golfer Lee Trevino won the U.S. Open in an 18-hole playoff against Jack Nicklaus, after both players had identical scores of 280 the day before. Trevino had 68 and Nicklaus 71 in the 3-stroke win.[115]
Britain began new negotiations in Luxembourg, led by Geoffrey Rippon, for EEC membership. By the morning of June 23, more than 40 hours of talks resulted in the United Kingdom's entry into the Common Market.[116]
For the first time since the Vietnam War began, the U.S. Senate voted for a pullout of all troops, but only on the condition that North Vietnam and the Viet Cong release American prisoners of war. The vote, an amendment to the authorization of an extension of the draft, passed, 57 to 42, and was sent to the House of Representatives.[117] The House rejected the amendment six days later by a vote of 176 for and 219 against.[118]
Born:
Kurt Warner, American football quarterback, who went from being a bagger in an Iowa supermarket to becoming the NFL's Most Valuable Player; in Burlington, Iowa
After a marathon negotiating session that lasted until 5:00 in the morning in Luxembourg, representatives of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the United Kingdom came to an agreement on terms for the UK to enter the Community and to join the Common Market.[120][121] Among the points of dispute resolved, the two sides agreed that the UK's payment to the EEC for its first year would be 100 million British pounds (equivalent at the time to USD $240,000,000), to be trebled by 1978.[116]
In "a stock offering that made Wall Street history... because it no doubt will establish a precedent for public ownership of many of the other Wall Street houses,[122]Merrill Lynch became the second Wall Street stockbroking firm to go public.[123] The initial price a share of Merrill Lynch common stock was $28.00 as part of raising $112,000,000 through sales.
The government of Poland turned over ownership of 6,900 former German church buildings and parsonages to the Roman Catholic Church, in a new law that provided for the transfer in those archdioceses in territory acquired from Germany at the end of World War II.[124] The transfer, dated retroactively to the beginning of the 1971, fulfilled a promise made by Polish United Workers Party Chairman Edward Gierek as part of ending the December riots. Many of the churches that became Catholic houses of worship had formerly been used by German Lutherans.
The Death of Actaeon, a 16th-century masterpiece painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Titian (Tiziano Vecelli) was purchased at an auction in London for £1.6 million (the equivalent of $4,032,000)[128] by an American art dealer, Julius Weitzner. At the time, the amount paid at the auction by Christie's was the second highest ever for a painting, but much less than the three million pounds that had been forecast within the London art community.[129]
In Paris, French tightrope walkerPhilippe Petit gained worldwide fame after stringing a 100 lb (45 kg) steel cable between the two towers of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and then spent the next few hours walking back and forth across the wire without a safety net or a balancing pole, juggling balls and laying down, all 225 ft (69 m) above the ground. After Petit climbed down, Paris police took him to a nearby precinct headquarters for a check of his identity, then accompanied him to make sure that he dismantled his high-wire equipment, and released him without filing charges.[132]
Elections were held in Japan for 126 of the 252 seats of the House of Councillors, the upper house of the Japanese parliament.[134] Although the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) maintained its control of the Councillors, losing only three seats, the Japan Socialist party made some gains, taking 28 of the "constituency" seats for district representatives, and 39 of the at-large national seats.[135]
U.S. concert promoter Bill Graham closed the legendary Fillmore East venue, which had first opened on 2nd Avenue in New York City in 1968.[136]
Reputed Brooklyn Mafia chief Joseph Colombo was shot in the head during the Italian-American Civil Rights League "Unity Day" rally at Columbus Circle in New York City, despite protection by police and his own bodyguards. His assailant, Jerome A. Johnson, had gotten within close range of Colombo while wearing a press pass that he had picked up from IACRL officials.[138] At 11:45 in the morning, Colombo was asked to pose for a photo with a bystander, and was shot twice by Johnson. Moments later, Johnson was shot to death, apparently by one of Colombo's bodyguards. Colombo survived after five hours of surgery, but suffered brain damage and would be paralyzed for the rest of his life.[139]
By a vote of 8 to 0, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously reversed the conviction of heavyweight boxer Muhammad Ali, four years after he had been found guilty of refusing induction into the U.S. Army, and after Ali's world championships had been revoked by boxing commissions."[140] The Court concluded that Ali had been improperly drafted despite his claim to be a conscientious objector to military service based on his religious faith as a Muslim.
U. S. Senator Mike Gravel attempted to read the Pentagon Papers into the Congressional Record, but was unable to do so because a quorum of at least 51 U.S. Senators was not available and the session was forced to adjourn. As an alternative, Senator Gravel went to a hearing room in the new Senate Office Building. In his capacity as Chairman of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds, Gravel found a quorum of members and then began reading the documents for three hours before adjourning.[144][145]
After a successful mission aboard Salyut 1, the world's first manned space station, the crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft were killed during their return to Earth after 24 days on the orbiting station. When the recovery team reached the capsule after its landing, they opened the hatch and found all three cosmonauts dead — Colonel Georgi T. Dobrovolsky and engineers Vladislav N. Volkov and Viktor I. Patsayev.[146] An investigation later determined that a faulty valve within the Soyuz capsule had caused the oxygen within the capsule to slowly leak out as the craft was descending to Earth.[147][148] More than two years after the accident, the Soviet Union provided full details to the U.S. in advance of the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission. The shock of firing 12 explosive bolts to separate the re-entry capsule from the orbiter had forced the exhaust valve open and loosened a valve cap that had acted as a safety device. While the cosmonauts realized that the valve was emptying the cabin's oxygen into space, the cabin pressure fell within 10 seconds while they were trying to assess the problem, and the capsule was completely empty of air 45 seconds after they were unconscious.[149]
The U.S. State of Ohio approved ratification of the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution by a vote of 81 to 9 in the state house of representatives, one day after the state senate had voted 30 to 2 in favor of approval. In so doing, Ohio became the 38th of the 50 U.S. states to ratify the amendment to lower the minimum voting age nationwide from 21 years old to 18 years old, providing the necessary three-quarters majority necessary for the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to become law.[151]
^Scott-Morgan, John; Martin, Kirk (2008). Red Panniers: Last Steam on the Underground. Lydney, Gloucester: Lightmoor Press. p. 145. ISBN9781899889297. OCLC271770628.
^Simonov, Andrey; Bodrikhin, Nikolai (2017). Боевые лётчики — дважды и трижды Герои Советского Союза [Combat pilots — twice and thrice Heroes of the Soviet Union] (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Knights Foundation and Vadim Zadorozhny Museum of Technology. ISBN9785990960510. OCLC1005741956.
^John Nance, Gentle Tasaday: Stone Age People In The Philippine Rain Forest (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1971)
^"President Ends 21-Year Embargo on Peking Trade", by Robert B. Semple, Jr., The New York Times, June 11, 1971, p. 1
^"The Corpus Christi Massacre: Mexico's Attack on its Student Movement, June 10, 1971", by Kate Doyle, in "The National Security Archive", George Washington University, June 10, 2003
^"Judge, at Request of U.S., Halts Times Vietnam Series Four Days Pending Hearing on Injunction", by Fred P. Graham, The New York Times, June 16, 1971, p. 1
^"The challenge: ski 13,770-foot Grand Teton", Billings (MT) Gazette, June 19, 1971, p.1
^"West 111-100 Victor in N.B.A.-A.B.A. Game", The New York Times, June 21, 1971, p. 23
^"33 Die in Turkish Bus Crash", The New York Times, June 21, 1971, p. 11
^"World Court Says South Africa Errs", The New York Times, June 22, 1971, p. 1
^"Trevino's 68 Defeats Nicklaus by 3 Strokes in Open Playoff", The New York Times, June 22, 1971, p. 23
^ ab"Negotiations at Luxembourg Were Long and Tough", by Clyde H. Farnsworth, The New York Times, June 24, 1971, p. 3
^"Senate Backs a Vietnam Pullout", The New York Times, June 23, 1971, p. 1
^"House Rejects Vietnam Pullout Voted By Senate; Amendment for Withdrawal Based on P.O.W. Release is Defeated, 219-176", The New York Times, June 29, 1971, p. 1
^Vane, J. R. (June 1971). "Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis as a Mechanism of Action for Aspirin-like Drugs". Nature New Biology. 231 (25): 232–235. doi:10.1038/newbio231232a0. PMID5284360.
^"Britain is in— Six agree on terms for NZ", from Hella Pick, The Guardian (London), June 23, 1971, p.1
^"After a 10-Year Estrangement, the Common Market Opens the Door to Britain", The New York Times, June 24, 1971, p. 2
^"Issue Sold at $28 by Merrill Lynch", by Terry Robards, The New York Times, June 24, 1971, p. 53
^"Colombo Shot, Gunman Slain At Columbus Circle Rally Site; Killing of Assailant Not Done by Police, Official Says", by William E. Farrell, The New York Times, June 29, 1971, p. 1
^New York Media, LLC (17 July 1972). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 36.
^Ali Wins in Draft Case Appeal— Calling Up of Boxer Ruled Improper— Court Upholds Him on Religion, 8-0", by David E. Rosenbaum, The New York Times, June 29, 1971, p. 1
^"Parts of Vietnam Papers Read to Press by Senator; Gravel Speaks 3 Hours", The New York Times, June 30, 1971, p. 1
^The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. Vol. 1. Senator Gravel Edition. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.
^Gwertzman, Bernard (June 30, 1971). "3 Soviet Astronauts Are Dead; Bodies Discovered in Capsule When It Lands After 24 Days; Cause Not Known; Tass Says Craft Was Working Normally During Re-Entry". The New York Times. p. 1.
^Gwertzman, Bernard (July 12, 1971). "Russians Confirm A Drop in Pressure Killed 3 Astronauts". The New York Times. p. 1.
^TRW Systems Group (1972). TRW Space Log. p. 40 – via Google Books.
^"Valve Accident, Confusion Killed 3 Russians in Space", by Thomas O'Toole, Los Angeles Times, October 29, 1973, p. I-1
^Graham, Fred P. (July 1, 1971). "Supreme Court, 6-3, Upholds Newspapers on Publication of the Pentagon Papers; Times Resumes Its Series, Halted 15 Days". The New York Times. p. 1.
^Apple, R. W. Jr. (July 1, 1971). "The States Ratify Full Vote at 18— Ohio Becomes 38th to Back the 26th Amendment". The New York Times. p. 1.
^"The Small Screen Helped Make the Movie Big", in LIFE: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (TI Incorporated Books, 2021)
^Willie Wonka' Speask With Wisdom To Kids", by John Knott, The Commercial Appeal (Memphis TN), July 1, 1971, p.39
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