Hyperthecosis

Hyperthecosis
Hyperthecosis
Other names	Ovarian hyperthecosis
Specialty	Gynecology

Hyperthecosis, or ovarian hyperthecosis, is hyperplasia of the theca interna of the ovary.^[1] Hyperthecosis occurs when an area of luteinization occurs along with stromal hyperplasia. The luteinized cells produce androgens, which may lead to hirsutism and virilization (or masculinization) in affected women.^[2]

The term hyperthecosis refers to the presence of nests of luteinized theca cells in the ovarian stroma due to differentiation of the ovarian interstitial cells into steroidogenically active luteinized stromal cells. These nests or islands of luteinized theca cells are scattered throughout the stroma of the ovary, rather than being confined to areas around cystic follicles as in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). These luteinized theca cells result in greater production of androgens.

Seen as a severe form of PCOS, the clinical features of hyperthecosis are similar to those of PCOS.^[3] Women with hyperthecosis often have more markedly elevated testosterone, more hirsutism, and are much more likely to be virilized.^[4] While elevated androgens in postmenopausal women is rare,^[5] hyperthecosis can present in both premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Women with hyperthecosis may or may not have always had underlying PCOS.^[6]

Cause

The etiology of hyperthecosis is unknown, however evidence suggests a possibility of genetic transmission. Hyperthecosis has been documented in familiar patterns.^[7] Insulin resistance may also play a role in the pathogenesis of hyperthecosis. Women with hyperthecosis have a significant degree of insulin resistance and insulin may stimulate the ovarian stromal androgen synthesis.^[8]

Prognosis

Although no large studies showing the long term outcomes for women with hyperthecosis exist, a diagnosis of hyperthecosis may suggest an increased risk for metabolic complications of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes .^[9] In postmenopausal women, hyperthecosis may also contribute to the pathogenesis of endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma due to the association of hyperestrinism (excess estrins in the body) and hyperthecosis.^[10] Treatment for hyperthecosis is based upon each case, but may range from pharmacological interventions to surgical.^[11]

References

^ Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 21st Edition
^ Stead, Stead, Kaufman, Suarez (2009). First Aid for the Obstretrics & Gynecology Clerkship - Second Edition. McGraw-Hill
^ Zhang, Cunxian; Sung, C. James; Quddus, M. Ruhul; Simon, Rochelle A.; Jazaerly, Tarek; Lawrence, W. Dwayne (2017-01-01). "Association of ovarian hyperthecosis with endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women: a clinicopathological study of 238 cases". Human Pathology. 59: 120–124. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.021. PMID 27746268.
^ "UpToDate".
^ Krug, Esther; Berga, Sarah L. (2002-01-01). "Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: Functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 99 (5 SUPPL. 1): 893–897. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01588-5. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 11975949. S2CID 31107352.
^ Wierman, MD, Margaret (2016). "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome". Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome : 2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management. pp. 306–309. doi:10.1210/mtp5.9781943550043.ch57 (inactive 2024-10-06). ISBN 978-1-943550-02-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2024 (link)
^ Wilroy, R.S. (February 1975). "Hyperthecosis: an inheritable form of polycystic ovarian disease". Birth Defects Original Article Series. 11 (4): 81–5. PMID 1156689. Retrieved 2017-05-03.
^ Nagamani M.D., Manubai (February 1986). "Hyperinsulinemia in hyperthecosis of the ovaries". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 154 (2): 384–389. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(86)90676-9. PMID 3511712.
^ Rothman, Micol S.; Wierman, Margaret E. (2011-08-01). "How should postmenopausal androgen excess be evaluated?". Clinical Endocrinology. 75 (2): 160–164. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04040.x. ISSN 1365-2265. PMID 21521309. S2CID 205286448.
^ Zhang, Cunxian; Sung, C. James; Quddus, M. Ruhul; Simon, Rochelle A.; Jazaerly, Tarek; Lawrence, W. Dwayne (2017-01-01). "Association of ovarian hyperthecosis with endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women: a clinicopathological study of 238 cases". Human Pathology. 59: 120–124. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.021. ISSN 0046-8177. PMID 27746268.
^ Krug, Esther; Berga, Sarah L. (2002-01-01). "Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: Functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 99 (5 SUPPL. 1): 893–897. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01588-5. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 11975949. S2CID 31107352.