en HLA-A24

HLA A*2402 frequencies
Study population	Freq.; (in %)
Taiwan Paiwan	86.3
Taiwan Tsou	78.4
Taiwan Rukai	76.0
Papua New Guinea Goroka	74.4
PNG Karimui Plateau	74.4
Taiwan Puyuma	64.0
Taiwan Ami	62.8
PNG Wanigela	62.7
Taiwan Atayal	61.8
Ecuador Cayapa	61.4
New Caledonia	60.7
Venezuela Perja Mtn. Bari	60.2
USA Alaska Yupik Natives	58.1
Taiwan Tao	54.0
PNG Wosera	51.3
Taiwan Siraya	47.1
Taiwan Taroko	44.5
Mexico Chihuahua Tarahuma…	37.5
USA Arizona Pima	36.0
Taiwan Pazeh	33.6
Japan Okinawa Ryukyuan	33.5
American Samoa	33.0
Japan (5)	32.7
Philippines Ivatan	32.0
PNG New Britain Rabaul	31.6
N. Mexico Canoncito Navaj…	30.5
Australia Indig. Yuendumu	29.8
Australia Indig. Groote E…	29.3
China Tibetans	27.2
S. Dakota Lakota Sioux	26.2
Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca	24.5
Japan Ainu Hokkaido	24.0
Venezuela Perija Mtns. Yu…	23.3
Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca	23.1
USA North American Native…	22.7
Australia Indig. Cape Yor…	22.3
Ch. Guangdong Meizhou Han	22.2
Russia Tuva (2)	21.5
Singapore Chinese Han	21.5
India North Hindus	20.2
Mongolia Buriat	20.0
China Inner Mongolia	19.6
USA Asian	18.9
Taiwan Minnan (1)	18.6
China South Han	17.2
Georgia Tbilisi Georgian…	17.1
India Mumbai Marathas	16.7
Mexico Guadalajara Mestiz…	16.5
Singapore Riau Malay	16.5
Croatia	16.0
India Khandesh Pawra	16.0
Singapore Javanese Indone…	16.0
South Africa Natal Tamil	16.0
India Tamil Nadu Nadar	15.6
PNG Madang	15.3
China North Han	15.2
USA South Texas Hispanics	15.2
PNG West Schrader Ranges	14.2
China Guangxi Maonan	13.4
Mexico Mestizos	13.4
Georgia Svaneti Svans	13.1
Romanian	12.7
Pakistan Burusho	12.5
USA Hispanic	12.2
Bulgaria	11.8
Georgia Tbilisi Kurds	11.7
India New Delhi	11.4
Pakistan Sindhi	10.7
USA Caucasian	10.7
France South East	10.6
Pakistan Pathan	10.2
Cameroon Pygmy Baka	10.0
Finland	9.4
Brazil	8.6
Australia Indig. Kimberly	8.3
Australia New South Wales	8.2
Israel Arab Druse	8.0
Pakistan Baloch	8.0
Portugal Centre	8.0
Cameroon Sawa	7.7
Brazil Terena	7.5
Ireland South	6.8
Tunisia	6.7
Belgium	6.6
Morocco Berber Nador Meta…	6.2
Jordan Amman	5.9
Oman	5.9
Mexico Mixe Oaxaca	5.7
Portugal North	5.4
Sudanese	5.3
Mexico Sonora Seri	4.5
Uganda Kampala	4.3
Thailand	3.9
Iran Baloch	3.4
USA African America	2.8
Kenya	2.1
Guinea Bissau	1.5
Czech Republic	1.0
Kenya Nandi	1.0
	Allele frequencies presented, only

HLA-A24
HLA-A24
(MHC Class I, A cell surface antigen)
	Rendering of 2bck: α (A*2402 gene product), β2-microglobulin, and telomerase peptide.
About
Protein	transmembrane receptor/ligand
Structure	αβ heterodimer
Subunits	HLA-A*24--, β2-microglobulin
Older names	HL-A9
Subtypes
Subtype
Subtype	allele
A24	*2402
A9.3	*2403
	Alleles link-out to IMGT/HLA database at EBI

HLA-A24 (A24) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α²⁴ subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A24, the alpha, "A", chain are encoded by the HLA-A*24 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus.^[1] This group currently is dominated by A*2402. A24 and A*24 are almost synonymous in meaning. A24 is a split antigen of the broad antigen HLA-A9 and it is a sister serotype of HLA-A23.

A*2402 has one of the highest "A" frequencies identified for a number of peoples, including Papua New Guineans, Indigenous Taiwanese (Eastern Tribals), Yupik and Greenland [Aleuts]. It is common over much of Southeastern Asia. In Eurasia it is least common in Ireland, and A24 is relatively uncommon in Africa except North Africa and Kenya.

Serotype

A24 recognition of some HLA A*24 gene products^[2]
A*24	A24	A9	Sample
allele	%	%	size (N)
*2402	97		3098
*2403	55	4	282

There are over 90 known A*24 alleles, 69 code for different isoforms and 7 are nulls. A*2403 can also be detected as A2403 serotype.

Associated disease

A24 has a secondary risk factor for myasthenia gravis,^[3] Buerger's disease.^[4] It is also associated with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)^[5]^[6] and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)^[7].

Alleles

A*2402 is a secondary risk factor,^[9] alters type 1 diabetes risk,^[10]^[11] and allele associated with thymoma-induced myasthenia gravis.

Haplotypes

HLA A24-B35 haplotype by Cw frequencies
		freq		Rank in
ref.	Population	(%)		Pop.
^[12]	Java (Indonesia)	8.0	¹	4
^[12]	S. Amer. Native	6.3	¹	3
^[12]	N. Amer. Native	5.4	¹	5
^[12]	Mexican	4.7	¹
^[12]	Inuit	4.2	¹
^[12]	Brazilian	3.8	¹
^[12]	Austria	3.5	¹
^[12]	Portuguese	3.1	¹	3
^[12]	Yakut	2.9	¹
^[12]	Mongolian	2.7	¹
^[12]	Timor	2.5	¹	5
^[12]	Bharghavas (India)	2.4	¹
^[12]	Greek	2.3	¹
^[12]	Italian	2.2	¹
^[12]	Mongolian	1.9	¹
^[12]	Vietnamese	1.8	¹
^[12]	Japanese	1.6	²
^[12]	French	1.2	²
¹ Cw4. ² Cw9.

A24-Cw7-B39
A24-Cw10-B60
A24-Cw10-B61
A24-B48

A24-Cw4-B35

This particular haplotype is common across a fairly wide region, possibly the most widely spread A-Cw-B haplotype in humans. Cw4-B35 has a node within the region once referred to as Thracia/Dacia.

A24-Cw*14-B51

HLA A24-CBL-B51 (CBL=1402) haplotype frequencies
		freq
ref.	Population	(%)
^[12]	Korean	3.5
^[12]	Iyers	3.4
^[12]	Mongolian	2.9
^[12]	Japanese	2.6
^[12]	Romanian	2.2
^[12]	Greek	2.1
^[12]	Hungarian	2.0
^[12]	Italian	0.6

References

^ Arce-Gomez B, Jones EA, Barnstable CJ, Solomon E, Bodmer WF (February 1978). "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin". Tissue Antigens. 11 (2): 96–112. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1978.tb01233.x. PMID 77067.
^ Allele Query Form IMGT/HLA - European Bioinformatics Institute
^ Machens A, Löliger C, Pichlmeier U, Emskötter T, Busch C, Izbicki JR (June 1999). "Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis". Clinical Immunology. 91 (3): 296–301. doi:10.1006/clim.1999.4710. PMID 10370374.
^ Numano F, Sasazuki T, Koyama T, Shimokado K, Takeda Y, Nishimura Y, Mutoh M (1986). "HLA in Buerger's disease". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 3 (4): 195–200. PMID 3274054.
^ Adamashvili I, McVie R, Gelder F, Gautreaux M, Jaramillo J, Roggero T, McDonald J (July 1997). "Soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with type I diabetes and their family members". Human Immunology. 55 (2): 176–83. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00096-7. PMID 9361970.
^ Kronenberg D, Knight RR, Estorninho M, Ellis RJ, Kester MG, de Ru A, Eichmann M, Huang GC, Powrie J, Dayan CM, Skowera A, van Veelen PA, Peakman M (July 2012). "Circulating preproinsulin signal peptide-specific CD8 T cells restricted by the susceptibility molecule HLA-A24 are expanded at onset of type 1 diabetes and kill β-cells". Diabetes. 61 (7): 1752–9. doi:10.2337/db11-1520. PMC 3379678. PMID 22522618.
^ Adamashvili I, Wolf R, Aultman D, Milford EL, Jaffe S, Hall V, Pressly T, Minagar A, Kelley R (November 2003). "Soluble HLA-I (s-HLA-I) synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Rheumatology International. 23 (6): 294–300. doi:10.1007/s00296-003-0306-3. PMID 12879264.
^ Middleton, D.; Menchaca, L.; Rood, H.; Komerofsky, R. (2003). "New allele frequency database: http://www.allelefrequencies.net". Tissue Antigens. 61 (5): 403–407. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x. PMID 12753660.
^ de Juan MD, Reta A, Belzunegui J, Figueroa M, Maruri N, Cuadrado E (February 2004). "HLA-A*2402 and a microsatellite (D6S248) are secondary independent susceptibility markers to ankylosing spondylitis in Basque patients". Human Immunology. 65 (2): 175–80. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2003.11.006. PMID 14969772.
^ Noble JA, Valdes AM, Bugawan TL, Apple RJ, Thomson G, Erlich HA (August 2002). "The HLA class I A locus affects susceptibility to type 1 diabetes". Human Immunology. 63 (8): 657–64. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00421-4. PMC 4049513. PMID 12121673.
^ Nakanishi K, Inoko H (June 2006). "Combination of HLA-A24, -DQA1*03, and -DR9 contributes to acute-onset and early complete beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes: longitudinal study of residual beta-cell function". Diabetes. 55 (6): 1862–8. doi:10.2337/db05-1049. PMID 16731854.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Sasazuki, Takehiko; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Aizawa, Miki (1992). HLA 1991: proceedings of the eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, held in Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November, 1991. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262390-4.

[pmid77067-1] Arce-Gomez B, Jones EA, Barnstable CJ, Solomon E, Bodmer WF (February 1978). "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin". Tissue Antigens. 11 (2): 96–112. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1978.tb01233.x. PMID 77067.

[2] Allele Query Form IMGT/HLA - European Bioinformatics Institute

[mg-3] Machens A, Löliger C, Pichlmeier U, Emskötter T, Busch C, Izbicki JR (June 1999). "Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis". Clinical Immunology. 91 (3): 296–301. doi:10.1006/clim.1999.4710. PMID 10370374.

[4] Numano F, Sasazuki T, Koyama T, Shimokado K, Takeda Y, Nishimura Y, Mutoh M (1986). "HLA in Buerger's disease". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 3 (4): 195–200. PMID 3274054.

[5] Adamashvili I, McVie R, Gelder F, Gautreaux M, Jaramillo J, Roggero T, McDonald J (July 1997). "Soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with type I diabetes and their family members". Human Immunology. 55 (2): 176–83. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00096-7. PMID 9361970.

[6] Kronenberg D, Knight RR, Estorninho M, Ellis RJ, Kester MG, de Ru A, Eichmann M, Huang GC, Powrie J, Dayan CM, Skowera A, van Veelen PA, Peakman M (July 2012). "Circulating preproinsulin signal peptide-specific CD8 T cells restricted by the susceptibility molecule HLA-A24 are expanded at onset of type 1 diabetes and kill β-cells". Diabetes. 61 (7): 1752–9. doi:10.2337/db11-1520. PMC 3379678. PMID 22522618.

[7] Adamashvili I, Wolf R, Aultman D, Milford EL, Jaffe S, Hall V, Pressly T, Minagar A, Kelley R (November 2003). "Soluble HLA-I (s-HLA-I) synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Rheumatology International. 23 (6): 294–300. doi:10.1007/s00296-003-0306-3. PMID 12879264.

[pmid12753660-8] Middleton, D.; Menchaca, L.; Rood, H.; Komerofsky, R. (2003). "New allele frequency database: http://www.allelefrequencies.net". Tissue Antigens. 61 (5): 403–407. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x. PMID 12753660.

[9] Juan MD, Reta A, Belzunegui J, Figueroa M, Maruri N, Cuadrado E (February 2004). "HLA-A*2402 and a microsatellite (D6S248) are secondary independent susceptibility markers to ankylosing spondylitis in Basque patients". Human Immunology. 65 (2): 175–80. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2003.11.006. PMID 14969772.

[dm-10] Noble JA, Valdes AM, Bugawan TL, Apple RJ, Thomson G, Erlich HA (August 2002). "The HLA class I A locus affects susceptibility to type 1 diabetes". Human Immunology. 63 (8): 657–64. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00421-4. PMC 4049513. PMID 12121673.

[11] Nakanishi K, Inoko H (June 2006). "Combination of HLA-A24, -DQA1*03, and -DR9 contributes to acute-onset and early complete beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes: longitudinal study of residual beta-cell function". Diabetes. 55 (6): 1862–8. doi:10.2337/db05-1049. PMID 16731854.

[isbn0-19-262390-7-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Sasazuki, Takehiko; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Aizawa, Miki (1992). HLA 1991: proceedings of the eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, held in Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November, 1991. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262390-4.

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HLA-A24