Free & Equal Elections Foundation

Free and Equal Elections Foundation Logo and Tagline

The Free & Equal Elections Foundation (Free & Equal) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, non-partisan organization in the United States, the mission of which is to empower American voters through education and advocacy of electoral reforms.[1]

Free & Equal leads national, state, and local efforts to open the electoral process in the United States by hosting all-inclusive gubernatorial, Presidential, and senatorial debates; organizing Electoral Reform Symposiums; producing United We Stand tours; and supporting individuals running for office. Free & Equal was first organized in 1982 as the Foundation for Free Campaigns and Elections, before being formally reorganized in 2008 by Christina Tobin, an American activist and leader in the election reform and voters' rights movement.

Presidential debates

2008

During the 2008 presidential election, Free & Equal hosted a presidential debate at the Mayflower Renaissance Hotel in Washington, D.C., on October 23, 2008. Constitution Party candidate Chuck Baldwin and independent candidate Ralph Nader participated in a debate moderated by journalist Chris Hedges. The Free & Equal debate was the only presidential debate featuring independent and third-party candidates held during the 2008 election to be broadcast to a national audience. The debate was broadcast live on C-SPAN2 in prime time.

Free & Equal debates, 2008
Date Host Location Moderators Participants
 P  Participant   N  Non-invitee    A  Absent invitee    Democratic Republican Libertarian Green Constitution Independent
Senator
Barack Obama
of Illinois
Senator
John McCain
of Arizona
Congressman
Bob Barr
of Georgia
Congresswoman
Cynthia McKinney
of Georgia
Pastor
Chuck Baldwin
of Florida
Advocate
Ralph Nader
of Connecticut
1
October 23, 2008
A A A A P P

2012

Free & Equal's 2012 "Open Presidential Debate" was moderated by Christina Tobin (left) and Larry King (right).

In 2012, Free & Equal sponsored the October 23, 2012 debate among four third party candidates for President of the United States. It featured Gary Johnson (Libertarian Party), Jill Stein (Green Party), Virgil Goode (Constitution Party), and Rocky Anderson (Justice Party). The debate was moderated by former Larry King Live host Larry King and Christina Tobin. It was televised by RT TV, Al Jazeera English, and C-SPAN.[2][3]

Free & Equal debates, 2012
Date Host Location Moderator Participants
 P  Participant.   N  Non-invitee.    A  Absent invitee.    Democratic Republican Libertarian Green Constitution Justice
President
Barack Obama
of Illinois
Governor
Mitt Romney
of Massachusetts
Governor
Gary Johnson
of New Mexico
Doctor
Jill Stein
of Massachusetts
Congressman
Virgil Goode
of Virginia
Mayor
Rocky Anderson
of Utah
1
October 23, 2012
A A P P P P
2
November 5, 2012
N N P P N N

2016

Free & Equal hosted an open debate along with Student Voices Count at the University of Colorado Boulder's Macky Auditorium on October 25, 2016.[4] Originally, all presidential candidates with ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes were invited.[5] in October 2016, Free and Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least fifteen percent of potential voters: the Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Green, Constitution, Reform, and Socialism and Liberation parties, as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin.[6] Gary Johnson, who participated in the 2012 debate, had already publicly declined in July 2016 to debate Jill Stein on The Young Turks because of a matter of "just time".[7]

Free & Equal debates, 2016
Date Host Location Moderators Invited participants
 P  Participant.     A  Absent invitee. Republican Democratic Libertarian Green Constitution Reform PSL Independent
Businessman
Donald Trump
of New York
Secretary
Hillary Clinton
of New York
Governor
Gary Johnson
of New Mexico
Doctor
Jill Stein
of Massachusetts
Lieutenant
Darrell Castle
of Tennessee
Businessman
Rocky De La Fuente
of California
Activist
Gloria La Riva
of California
Director
Evan McMullin
of Utah
1 October 25, 2016 University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado Ed Asner[8] A A A A P[9][8] P[9][8] P[9][8] A

2020

Primaries

Early on March 4, 2020, the Free & Equal Elections Foundation held a debate at the Hilton Chicago Hotel. Various third-party candidates, as well as minor candidates affiliated with the Democratic and Republican parties attended.[10] Some, but not all, of the participants would go on to be their parties nominees.

2020 Free & Equal debates
No. Date & Time Location Moderators Invited participants
 P  Participant. Democratic Libertarian Green Constitution American Solidarity Life and Liberty Transhumanist
Businessman
Mark Stewart
of Connecticut
Activist
Dan Berhman
of Texas
Carpenter
Erik Gerhardt
of Pennsylvania
LNC Vice Chair
Arvin Vohra
of Maryland
Activist
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry
of California
Financial Advisor
Charles Kraut
of Virginia
Educator
Brian Carroll
of California
Activist
J.R. Myers
of Alaska
Activist
Ben Zion
of Arizona
1a March 4, 2020
2:00 pm CST
Chicago, Illinois Christina Tobin P P P P P P P P P
 P  Participant. Republican Democratic Libertarian Green /
Socialist
PSL Independent
Futurist
Zoltan Istvan
of California
Attorney
Mosie Boyd
of Arkansas
Lieutenant
Ken Armstrong
of Hawaii
Lecturer
Jo Jorgensen
of South Carolina
Corporal
Adam Kokesh
of Indiana
Activist
Vermin Supreme
of Massachusetts
Tradesman
Howie Hawkins
of New York
Activist
Gloria La Riva
of California
Activist
Mark Charles
of the District of Columbia
1b March 4, 2020
6:30 pm CST
Chicago, Illinois Christina Tobin P P P P P P P P P

General election

Two debates were held prior to the general election. The first was on October 8, 2020, in Denver, Colorado, with participation limited to candidates on the ballot in at least eight states.[11] A second debate with the same candidates occurred on October 24, 2020, in Cheyenne, Wyoming.[12]

2020 Free & Equal debates
No. Date & Time Location Moderators Invited participants
 P  Participant.
 A  Absent Invitee.
Republican Democratic Libertarian Green /
Socialist
PSL Alliance /
Reform
Constitution American Solidarity Independent
President
Donald Trump
of Florida
Former Vice President
Joe Biden
of Delaware
Lecturer
Jo Jorgensen
of South Carolina
Tradesman
Howie Hawkins
of New York
Activist
Gloria La Riva
of California
Businessman
Rocky De La Fuente
of California
Businessman
Don Blankenship
of West Virginia
Educator
Brian Carroll
of California
Entrepreneur
Brock Pierce
of Puerto Rico
Producer
Kanye West
of Wyoming
2 October 8, 2020
6:00 pm MDT
Denver, Colorado Christina Tobin A A A P P A P P P A
3 October 24, 2020
6:00 pm MDT
Cheyenne, Wyoming Christina Tobin A A A P P A A P P A

2024

Primaries

On January 18, 2024, the Free & Equal Elections Foundation held its first ever Democratic Party primary debate streamed on Rumble while four candidates took the stage at Chelsea Television Studios in New York City, New York. Candidates were invited if they had ballot access in at least four states. Although eight candidates were invited, [13] only Gabriel Cornejo, Frankie Lozada, Stephen Lyons, and Jason Palmer participated.[14]

On February 29, 2024 Free & Equal held its first independent presidential debate also at Chelsea Television Studios featuring two Libertarian candidates (Chase Oliver and Lars Mapstead), two Green Party candidates (Jill Stein and Jasmine Sherman) (also nominee of The Unicorn Party), plus Party for Socialism and Liberation nominee Claudia De la Cruz. Independent candidates Robert F. Kennedy Jr and Cornel West were invited but unable to attend. [15][16]

These selections were made via multiple choice voting available on their website where members of the public could pick their top seven candidates across party lines and independents. [17]

2024 Free & Equal debates
No. Date & Time Location Moderators Invited participants
 P  Participant.
 A  Absent Invitee.
Democratic
President
Joe Biden
of Delaware
Entrepreneur
Gabriel Cornejo
of New York
Entrepreneur
Frankie Lozada
of New York
Plumber
Stephen Lyons
of California
Entrepreneur
Jason Palmer
of Maryland
Congressman
Dean Phillips
of Minnesota
Media host
Cenk Uygur
of California
Author
Marianne Williamson
of California
1 January 18, 2024
6:00 pm PDT
Los Angeles, California Christina Tobin

Kwame Jackson

A P P P P A A A
 P  Participant.
 A  Absent Invitee.
Libertarian Green PSL Independent
Businessman
Lars Mapstead
of California
Sales executive
Chase Oliver
of Georgia
Activist
Jasmine Sherman
of North Carolina
Doctor
Jill Stein
of Massachusetts
Activist
Claudia De la Cruz
of New York
Attorney
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
of California
Academic
Cornel West
of California
2 February 29, 2024
8:00 pm EDT
New York City, New York Jason Palmer
Caitlin Sinclair
Christina Tobin
P P P P P A A

Presidential debates

From left to right: Oliver, Stein, and Terry at the Free and Equal debate in Las Vegas.

Free and Equal hosted a second debate on July 12, 2024, at FreedomFest in Las Vegas, Nevada moderated by the foundation's chair, Christina Tobin and congressman Thomas Massie.[18][19]

Biden, Kennedy, Oliver, Stein, Randall Terry, Trump and West were invited to the debate,[18] while Oliver, Stein, and Terry participated.[18]

The Free and Equal plans to host a third debate on 23 October 2024.[20] Chase Oliver, Jill Stein and Randall Terry are Confirmed. Claudia De la Cruz, Kamala Harris, Donald Trump, Cornel West are Invited.

Electoral Reform Symposiums

Since 2009, Free & Equal has hosted electoral reform symposiums to unite intellectuals and experts to share and debate reforms to the U.S. electoral system. Past panelists and speakers include President of The League of Women Voters of Colorado Nancy Crow, Deputy Secretary of State of Colorado Suzanne Staiert, Founder of FairVote Rob Richie, Founder of Nexus Earth Colin Cantrell, Founder of Ballot Access News Richard Winger and more.[21][22][23][24][25]

United We Stand Tour

In 2014, Free & Equal launched United We Stand, a festival and tour uniting the younger generations with musicians, artists, and thought leaders to promote political and cultural change. Since its inception, the tour has made stops at Belasco Theater in Los Angeles in 2014[26] and 2015,[27] University of Colorado Boulder in 2016,[28] and Texas A&M University in 2018.[29] The 2019 tour includes Indiana,[30] Texas,[31] Colorado,[32] Oregon,[33] and Tennessee.[34]

References

  1. ^ "About « Free And Equal". Freeandequal.org. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
  2. ^ Michael Calderone, Third-Party Debate To Be Broadcast By Al Jazeera English, RT America, But Not Major Cable News Networks, Huffington Post, Posted: 10/19/2012, Updated: 10/23/2012, accessed November 4, 2012
  3. ^ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour. October 25, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  4. ^ "United We Stand Fest & Open Presidential Debate University Tour Program Outline". Free and Equal. 2016. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  5. ^ Richard Winger (October 6, 2015). "Free and Equal Announces Date and Location for General Election Presidential Debate". Ballot-access.org. Ballot Access News. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  6. ^ "Join our United We Stand Festival & People's Presidential Debate! Tues Oct 25th 4pm". freeandequal.org. Free and Equal Elections Foundation. 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  7. ^ No More 2 Party System (July 24, 2016). Gary Johnson Declines To Debate Jill Stein As Offered By The Young Turks (video). YouTube. Retrieved October 27, 2016. Well, just time, you know.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c d "Actor Ed Asner set to moderate "free and open" presidential debate in Boulder". freeandequal.org. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c "Ed Asner Challenges Trump and Clinton to Debate". freeandequal.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  10. ^ "First Open Presidential Debate 2020". Free and Equal Elections Foundation. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  11. ^ "Second Open Presidential Debate 2020". Free and Equal Elections Foundation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  12. ^ "Third Open Presidential Debate 2020". Free and Equal Elections Foundation. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  13. ^ "Free & Equal Elections to Host National Democratic Debate Jan. 18 in Los Angeles". January 5, 2024.
  14. ^ https://x.com/FreeandEqual/status/1747795221445034107?s=20 [bare URL]
  15. ^ https://x.com/FreeandEqual/status/1753433832676880811?s=20 [bare URL]
  16. ^ Marantz, Andrew (March 11, 2024). "Libertarians and Socialists and Jill Stein - Oh, My!". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  17. ^ "Free & Equal 2024 Presidential Debate Series: Second Presidential Debate".
  18. ^ a b c "Free & Equal Presidential Debate – at FreedomFest July 12, 2024". freeandequal.org. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  19. ^ "Free & Equal Presidential Debate to be Held at FreedomFest in Las Vegas July 11th" (Press release). May 14, 2024. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via WATE.
  20. ^ "Free & Equal 2024 Presidential Debate Series: October Debate". Free and Equal - freeandequal.org. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  21. ^ CATO Forum - Ralph Nader, Theresa Amatom, James Bennett, Bill Redpath. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. October 29, 2012. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  22. ^ UW Madison Panel Discussion Theresa Amato, Cindy Sheehan, Angela Keaton, Sean Scallon, Ben Manski. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. October 29, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  23. ^ 2014 Free and Equal Elections Electoral Reform Symposium. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. November 24, 2014. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  24. ^ 2015 Free and Equal Elections Electoral Reform Symposium. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. November 10, 2016. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  25. ^ 2016 Free and Equal Elections Electoral Reform Symposium. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. November 20, 2016. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  26. ^ United We Stand Festival - Immortal Technique!. H Dellamorte. May 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  27. ^ 2015 United We Stand Fest Festival at Belasco Theater, LA. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. January 14, 2016. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  28. ^ 2016 Presidential Debate Moderated by Ed Asner & Christina Tobin. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. November 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  29. ^ 2018 United We Stand | Texas A&M's Reed Arena. The Free and Equal Elections Foundation. April 29, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
  30. ^ "United We Stand Tour at Earth Week". April 4, 2019.
  31. ^ "United We Stand Tour at Knead Peace to Support Veterans". July 2, 2019.
  32. ^ "Home". sisterwinds.com.
  33. ^ "Freedom Rising – Everyday actions to cultivate as we rise in Freedom, Truth, Love, and Harmony with Nature into a new earth paradigm". Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  34. ^ "Home". politicon.com.

Read other articles:

Pour les articles homonymes, voir EPI. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une université tunisienne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. École pluridisciplinaire internationaleLogo de l'École pluridisciplinaire internationaleFaçade de l'École privée d'ingénieurs.HistoireFondation 2011StatutType École d'enseignement supérieur privéeNom officiel المدرسة الدولية المتعددة…

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗帜…

Salinan digital dari Su Wen Huangdi Neijing untuk bacaan daring Huangdi Neijing (Hanzi sederhana: 黄帝内经; Hanzi tradisional: 黃帝內經; Pinyin: Huángdì Nèijīng), secara harfiah Kanon Batiniah Kaisar Kuning atau Kitab Suci Esoteris Kaisar Kuning, adalah sebuah naskah medis Tiongkok kuno yang telah diperlakukan sebagai sumber doktrinal mendasar untuk pengobatan Tionghoa selama lebih dari dua milenium. Karya ini terdiri dari dua naskah, masing-masing delapan puluh satu bab …

صربيا الوسطى     الإحداثيات 44°49′14″N 20°27′44″E / 44.820555555556°N 20.462222222222°E / 44.820555555556; 20.462222222222   تقسيم إداري  البلد صربيا[1]  التقسيم الأعلى صربيا  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 55968 كيلومتر مربع  رمز جيونيمز 785958  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   صربيا الوسطى (بال…

Daun pinus yang rontok dapat digunakan sebagai andam Andam organik yang sudah tua akan secara alami menjadi kompos Serpihan kayu sebagai andam Andam dari serpihan batu Andam anorganik dari bahan plastik yang digunakan pada kebun cabe di Sukabumi, Jawa Barat Andam karet, yang bisa didapatkan dari bahan limbah seperti ban bekas Mulsa atau andam adalah material penutup tanaman budidaya yang dimaksudkan untuk menjaga kelembaban tanah serta menekan pertumbuhan gulma dan penyakit sehingga membuat tana…

Indigenous peoples of Alaska, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Alaska Natives – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group Alaska NativesAlaska Native dancer performing in FairbanksTotal population≈106,660 (2006)…

German theologian and dissident anti-Nazi (1906–1945) Bonhoeffer redirects here. For the film, see Bonhoeffer (film). The ReverendDietrich BonhoefferBorn(1906-02-04)4 February 1906Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, Germany(now Wrocław, Poland)Died9 April 1945(1945-04-09) (aged 39)Flossenbürg, Bavaria, GermanyCause of deathExecution by hangingEducationStaatsexamen (Tübingen), Doctor of Theology (Berlin), Privatdozent (Berlin)Alma materUniversity of Tübingen University of BerlinParent…

Барбадосский доллар[a] англ. Barbados Dollar[b] фр. Dollar de la Barbade[b] Коды и символы Коды ISO 4217 BBD (052) Символы BBD$ Аббревиатуры $ Территория обращения Страна-эмитент  Барбадос Производные и параллельные единицы Дробные Цент (1⁄100) Монеты и банкноты в обращении Монеты 1…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Wing Shuttle – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wing ShuttleOverviewLocaleKansai International Airport, Osaka, JapanTransit typeAutomated guideway transitNumber of lines2Number of stations6Ope…

Brian L. Stafford20th Director of the U.S. Secret ServiceIn officeMarch 4, 1999 – January 24, 2003PresidentBill ClintonGeorge W. BushPreceded byLewis C. MerlettiSucceeded byW. Ralph Basham Personal detailsBornSharpsville, Pennsylvania Brian L. Stafford was the 20th Director of the United States Secret Service.[1] Preceded by Lewis C. Merletti, he was sworn in on March 4, 1999 by the then Secretary of the Treasury, Robert E. Rubin. He was succeeded by W. Ralph Basham. Education…

American cable services provider Charter Communications, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: CHTR (Class A)Nasdaq-100 componentS&P 100 componentS&P 500 componentIndustryTelecommunicationsMass media (Internet)PredecessorsTime Warner CableBright House NetworksFounded1993; 31 years ago (1993) in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.FoundersBarry BabcockJerald KentHoward WoodHeadquartersStamford, Connecticut, U.S.Area served41 states[1]Key peopleTom Rutledge(Executive C…

Sony Pictures Motion Picture GroupSebelumnyaColumbia TriStar Motion Picture Group (1998–2013)JenisDivisiIndustriHiburanDidirikan1998; 26 tahun lalu (1998)Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, A.S.Kantorpusat10202 West Washington Boulevard, Culver City, California, A.S., Amerika SerikatWilayah operasiSeluruh duniaTokohkunciTom Rothman(ketua dan CEO)Josh Greenstein(Presiden)Sanford Panitch(Wakil Presiden)ProdukFilmJasaProduksi film dan distribusiIndukSony Pictures EntertainmentSitus websonypi…

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Raytheon Intelligence, Information and Services – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This…

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع عمر حسن (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) عمر حسن   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 مارس 1987 (37 سنة)  ميلانو  مواطنة إيطاليا  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم أكاديمي…

  ماكاو البرتغالية ماكاو البرتغاليةالعلم ماكاو البرتغاليةالشعار   الأرض والسكان إحداثيات 22°12′02″N 113°32′46″E / 22.200555555556°N 113.54611111111°E / 22.200555555556; 113.54611111111   عاصمة ماكاو  اللغة الرسمية البرتغالية،  والصينية  الحكم نظام الحكم مستعمرة  التأسيس والسيا…

1997-2000 Australian television series Murder CallMain castCreated by Hal McElroy Jennifer Rowe Starring Lucy Bell Peter Mochrie Geoff Morrell Glenda Linscott Jennifer Kent Gary Day Country of originAustraliaNo. of seasons3No. of episodes56ProductionExecutive producerKris NobleProducerPeter AskewProduction locationSydneyRunning timeapprox. 45 minutesProduction companySouthern Star EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkNine NetworkRelease11 August 1997 (1997-08-11) –9 October 2000 …

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ييل (توضيح). ييل   الإحداثيات 43°07′49″N 82°47′52″W / 43.130277777778°N 82.797777777778°W / 43.130277777778; -82.797777777778   [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1851  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة سانت كلير  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 3.601938 ك…

Tokugawa IenobuTokugawa Ienobu Keshogunan Edo ke-6Masa jabatan1709-1712PendahuluTokugawa TsunayoshiPenggantiTokugawa Ietsugu Informasi pribadiLahir(1662-06-11)11 Juni 1662Meninggal12 November 1712(1712-11-12) (umur 50)HubunganTokugawa Tsunashige (ayah) Choshoin (ibu) AnakTokugawa IechiyoTokugawa DaigoroTokugawa IetsuguTokugawa TorakichiMengadopsi:Putri MasaSunting kotak info • L • B Tokugawa Ienobu (徳川 家宣code: ja is deprecated , 11 Juni 1662 – 12 Novemb…

1970 film The Bloody JudgeDirected byJesús FrancoScreenplay by Jesús Franco Colombo Enrico Anthony Scott Veitch Michael Haller[1] Produced byHarry Alan Towers[1]Starring Christopher Lee Maria Schell Leo Genn Maria Rohm Margaret Lee Hans Hass Jr. [de] CinematographyManuel Merino[1]Edited by Gertrud Petermann Maria Luisa Soriano Derek Parsons[1] Music byBruno Nicolai[1]Productioncompanies Fénix Films Terra-Filmkunst Prodimex Films[1] …

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (janvier 2017). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Comm…