Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)

Not to be confused with Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India).
Deputy Chief of the Army Staff
Flag of a Lieutenant General
 Indian Army
TypePrincipal Staff Officer
AbbreviationDCOAS
Reports toVice Chief of the Army Staff
SeatArmy Headquarters, New Delhi

The Deputy Chiefs of the Army Staff (DCOAS) are Principal Staff Officers (PSOs) of the Indian Army, and are three-star rank appointments held by Lieutenant-Generals. Currently the rank of DCOAS has three divisions:- Capability Development and Sustenance, Information Systems & Coordination and Strategy.

History

The position of Deputy Chief of Army Staff (DCOAS) was first established on 27 January 1959 as the second-in-command of the Indian Army after the Chief of Army Staff. It was equivalent to an Army Commander (GOC-in-C).[1][2] Lt. Gen. M. S. Wadalia became the first DCOAS.

In January 1965, the position of Vice Chief of the Army Staff replaced the DCOAS in the role of second-in-command, with the DCOAS becoming a Principal Staff Officer (PSO) position,[3] replacing the former position of Chief of the General Staff.[4]

The office of DCOAS was eventually bifurcated into :- Planning and Systems and Training and Coordination. The division of Training and Coordination was later renamed to Information Systems and Training.

In April 2021, the rank of Deputy Chief (Planning and Systems) was amended to Deputy Chief (Capability Development and Sustenance) and Deputy Chief (Information Systems and Training) to Deputy Chief (Information Systems and Coordination). A third post and new post of DCOAS Strategy was created.[5]

Order of Precedence

The DCOAS rank at No. 24 on the Indian order of precedence, along with Vice-Admirals of the Indian Navy and Air Marshals of the Indian Air Force.[6] Since they should not draw equivalent or more salary than the next higher level, the remuneration is capped at ₹2,24,000.[7][8]

Current organisation

Currently, there are three DCOAS at Army HQ:[9]

  • Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Capability Development and Sustenance)
  • Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Information Systems and Coordination)
  • Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)

Appointees

Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (1959-65)

No. Rank Name Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
1 Lieutenant General Mohinder Singh Wadalia 27 January 1959 15 November 1964 Kumaon Regiment [10][2]
2 Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam 16 November 1964 15 January 1965 Regiment of Artillery DSO, MBE [11][12]

Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (1965-1993)

No. Rank Name Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
3 Lieutenant General Moti Sagar 15 January 1965 8 May 1965 4th Gorkha Rifles PVSM [11][13]
4 Kunhiraman Palat Candeth 1 October 1965 6 June 1966 Regiment of Artillery PVSM [14][15] Officiating from 26 May 1965[3]
5 Jagjit Singh Aurora 6 June 1966 27 April 1967 2nd Punjab Regiment PVSM [15]
6 Gopal Gurunath Bewoor 27 April 1967 4 July 1969 10th Baluch Regiment PVSM, PB [16]
7 Reginald Stephen Noronha 4 July 1969 5 September 1973 Madras Regiment PVSM, MC [17][18]
8 S. L. Menezes 5 September 1973 20 March 1978 The Grenadiers PVSM, SC [19]
9 K. V. Krishna Rao 20 March 1978 25 May 1979 Mahar Regiment PVSM [20]
10 H. C. Dutta 25 May 1979 23 August 1981 8th Gorkha Rifles PVSM [21]
11 Krishnaswamy Sundarji 23 August 1981 1 January 1983 Mahar Regiment PVSM [22][23]
12 Hriday Kaul 16 January 1983 February 1985 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) PVSM, AVSM [24][25]
13 C.N. Somanna February 1985 1 September 1986 Brigade of the Guards PVSM [26]
14 Anand Sarup 8 September 1986 31 March 1987 8th Gorkha Rifles PVSM, MVC [27][28]
15 Kunwar Mahendra Singh 5 April 1987 30 November 1987 Garhwal Rifles PVSM [29]
16 Lakshman Singh Rawat 30 November 1987 30 November 1988 11th Gorkha Rifles AVSM [30]
17 R.N. Mahajan December 1988 1 August 1991 Kumaon Regiment PVSM, VSM [31][32]
18 R. Sharma 22 August 1991 September 1993 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) AVSM [33]

Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Capability Development and Sustenance)

This officer takes care of all capital procurement. DG Infantry, DG Armoured, ADG Mechanised Infantry, DG Artillery, DG Air Defence and DG Capability Development report come under this office.[5]

Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Planning and Systems)

Rank Name Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
Lieutenant General Sushil Kumar Pillai May 1988 Assam Regiment PVSM [34]
Prakash Mani Tripathi 1992 September 1993 63rd Cavalry PVSM, AVSM [35]
D.K. Khanna September 1993 31 August 1994 Kumaon Regiment [36]
S.S. Sethi 1 September 1994 September 1996 Regiment of Artillery AVSM [37]
N.S. Malik September 1996 28 February 1998 4th Horse (Hodson's Horse) PVSM [38]
Shamsher Singh Mehta March 1998 31 March 2001 63rd Cavalry PVSM, AVSM**, VSM [39]
Arjun Singh Khanna 1 April 2001 31 August 2002 Regiment of Artillery PVSM, AVSM, VrC [40]
Ashok Chaki 1 September 2002 1 January 2004 4th Gorkha Rifles PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM [41]
P.P.S. Bhandari 1 January 2004 31 January 2006 4th Horse (Hodson's Horse) PVSM, AVSM [42]
Gurditar Singh 1 February 2006 Armoured Corps PVSM, AVSM [43]
Zameer Uddin Shah 1 October 2006 31 August 2008 Regiment of Artillery PVSM, SM, VSM [44]
Manbir Singh Dadwal August 2008 Dogra Regiment PVSM, AVSM**, VSM [45]
J.P. Singh March 2010 September 2011 Armoured Corps PVSM, AVSM [46]
Narendra Singh September 2011 2013 Maratha Light Infantry PVSM, AVSM [46]
C.A. Krishnan 2014 2015 4th Gorkha Rifles PVSM, UYSM, AVSM
Subrata Saha 31 March 2017 Assam Regiment PVSM, UYSM, YSM, VSM* [47]
Shravan Kumar Patyal 31 March 2017 May 2018 4th Gorkha Rifles PVSM, UYSM, SM [47]
Sudarshan Srikant Hasabnis June 2018 December 2020 Corps of Engineers PVSM, VSM [48]

Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Capability Development and Sustenance)

Rank Name Photo Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
Lieutenant General Shantanu Dayal 1 January 2021 31 October 2022 Garhwal Rifles UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM [49]
JB Chaudhari 1 November 2022 31 October 2024 Brigade of the Guards PVSM, SM, VSM [50]
Rahul R Singh 1 November 2024 Incumbent Regiment of Artillery VSM [51]

Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Information Systems and Coordination)

The DG Signals, DG Information Systems and DG Staff Duty report to this office.[5]

Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Training and Coordination)

Rank Name Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar 1993 31 August 1994 Maratha Light Infantry PVSM, AVSM, VrC [52]
K.L. D'Souza 1 September 1994 Regiment of Artillery PVSM, AVSM [52] [nb 1]
M.R. Sharma 1998 1999 Dogra Regiment PVSM, VSM
Surinder Kumar Jetley February 1999 May 2000 Central India Horse PVSM, AVSM, SM [53]
R.K. Sawhney June 2000 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles PVSM, AVSM [54][55]
R.S. Kadyan 2002 Rajputana Rifles PVSM, AVSM, VSM
J.B.S. Yadava[56] 1 September 2002 28 February 2005 11th Gorkha Rifles PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM [41][57]

Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Information Systems and Training)

Rank Name Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
Lieutenant General Mohinder Puri 28 February 2005 30 April 2006 3rd Gorkha Rifles PVSM, UYSM [58]
Susheel Gupta 1 May 2006 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles AVSM, YSM [58]
Samer Pal Singh Dhillon 2008 2009 Regiment of Artillery PVSM, AVSM, VSM [59]
Virender Singh Tonk 2010 Rajput Regiment PVSM, AVSM [60]
Ramesh Halagali February 2012 January 2013 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM, AVSM, SM [61]
DS Thakur January 2013 Maratha Light Infantry [62]
Jai Prakash Nehra October 2014 Madras Regiment PVSM, AVSM** [63]
Gurmit Singh October 2014 January 2016 Assam Regiment PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM [64]
Jagbir Singh Cheema 1 February 2017 November 2017 Sikh Regiment PVSM, AVSM, VSM [65]
N.P.S. Hira 14 March 2016 Jan 2017 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM, AVSM,SM [66]
Ranbir Singh Dec 2017 June 2018 Dogra Regiment PVSM, AVSM*, YSM, SM [67]
Iqroop Singh Ghuman July 2018 1 October 2019 Brigade of the Guards PVSM, AVSM [68]
Saranjit Singh Sikh Light Infantry PVSM, UYSM, YSM [69]

Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Information Systems and Coordination)

Rank Name Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
Lieutenant General Amardeep Singh Bhinder 1 September 2020 31 March 2021 9th Deccan Horse AVSM, VSM [70][71]
Upendra Dwivedi 10 April 2021 31 January 2022 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles AVSM [72]
C.B. Ponnappa 16 February 2022 31 March 2022 Mahar Regiment AVSM, VSM [73]
Ravin Khosla 5 April 2022 31 March 2023 5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM [74]
Rakesh Kapoor 09 June 2023 Incumbent Armoured Corps AVSM,VSM [75]

Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)

The Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), DG Military Intelligence, DG Operation Logistics and DG Information Warfare report to this office.[5]

Rank Name Photo Appointment date Left office Regiment of Commission Decorations References Notes
Lieutenant General Paramjit Singh Sangha February 2021 30 June 2021 Parachute Regiment UYSM, AVSM, SM [76] [nb 2]
Sanjeev Kumar Sharma Lieutenant General Sanjeev Kumar Sharma 1 July 2021 30 June 2022 Rajputana Rifles AVSM, YSM [77] [78]
M. V. Suchindra Kumar Lieutenant General M. V. Suchindra Kumar, PVSM, AVSM, YSM & bar, VSM 1 July 2022 28 February 2023 Assam Regiment AVSM, YSM**, VSM [79]
Tarun Kumar Aich Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy) Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich PVSM, AVSM 15 March 2023 31 October 2024 Madras Regiment PVSM, AVSM [80]
Pratik Sharma 1 November 2024 Incumbent Madras Regiment AVSM, SM [81]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ General D'Souza served in the artillery for fifteen years before shifting to Infantry in 1974 - initially to Maratha Light Infantry and subsequently Mechanised Infantry.
  2. ^ Lt. Gen. Sangha was commissioned into the Indian Army on 12 June 1982 in Madras Regiment. He later on shifted to the Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) in January 1984.

References

  1. ^ "Changes in Senior Army Appointments" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 9 December 1958. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Deputy Army Chief Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 18 November 1964. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Deputy Army Chief Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 26 May 1965. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  4. ^ "Part II-Section 4: Ministry of Defence" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 15 May 1965. p. 140.
  5. ^ a b c d Philip, Snehesh Alex (2021-04-06). "Army HQ is in the middle of a makeover, and these are the changes introduced so far". ThePrint. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  6. ^ "President's Secretariat" (PDF). Office of the President of India. Rajya Sabha. 1979-08-26. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  7. ^ "7th Pay Commission Report" (PDF). 20 November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015.
  8. ^ DelhiJune 29, India Today Web Desk New; June 29, India Today Web Desk New; Ist, India Today Web Desk New. "7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?". India Today.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Deputy Chief of Army Staff (DCOAS)". indianarmy.nic.in. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  10. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 16 May 1959. p. 114.
  11. ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 19 December 1964. p. 509.
  12. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 6 February 1965. p. 73.
  13. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 6 February 1965. p. 73.
  14. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 30 October 1965. p. 558.
  15. ^ a b "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 16 July 1966. p. 413.
  16. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 May 1967. p. 428.
  17. ^ "Lieutenant General R. S. Noronha Takes Over As Army Deputy Chief" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 4 July 1969. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  18. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 16 August 1969. p. 805.
  19. ^ "General Menezes Appointed Deputy Chief of Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 22 August 1973. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  20. ^ "General KVK Rao Is New Deputy Chief of the Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 20 March 1978. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  21. ^ "General Dutta New Deputy Chief of the Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 25 May 1979. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  22. ^ "General Sundarji Takes Over As Deputy Chief of the Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 23 August 1981. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  23. ^ "General Sundarji Appointed GOC-in-C Wester Command" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 30 December 1982. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  24. ^ "General Kaul Appointed Deputy Chief of Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 16 January 1983. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  25. ^ "New Senior Army Appointments" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 14 February 1985. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  26. ^ "Lt Gen Somanna Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 2 September 1986. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  27. ^ "Lt Gen Anand Sarup Appointed Deputy Army Chief" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 8 September 1986. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  28. ^ "Lt Gen Anand Sarup Deputy Army Chief Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 29 March 1987. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  29. ^ "Lt Gen K. Mahendra Singh Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 30 November 1987. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  30. ^ "Lt Gen LS Rawat Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 30 November 1988. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  31. ^ "Lt Gen Mahajan Appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 11 December 1988. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  32. ^ "Lt Gen Mahajan Deputy Chief of the Army Staff Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 1 August 1991. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  33. ^ "Lt Gen R. Sharma Is New Deputy Chief of the Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 22 August 1991. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  34. ^ "Lt Gen Pillai Takes Over As Deputy Chief of the Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 8 May 1988. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Members Bioprofile". Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  36. ^ "Deputy Chief of Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 5 September 1993. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  37. ^ "Lt Gen SS Sethi Takes Over As Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Planning and Systems)" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 2 September 1994. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Dy Chief of Army Staff Retires on 28 Feb" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 27 February 1998. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  39. ^ "Army life: A career in the armed forces has been a means of social advancement". India Today. 13 April 1998. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  40. ^ "Lt Gen A. S. Khanna New Deputy Chief of Army Staff" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 31 March 2001. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Chaki, Yadav take over as deputy chiefs of Army staff". Times of India. 1 September 2002. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  42. ^ "Lt Gen PPS Bhandari retires". Press Information Bureau. 31 January 2006.
  43. ^ "Army gets new Deputy Chief". Press Information Bureau. 3 February 2006.
  44. ^ "Lt Gen Zameer Uddin Shah appointed Deputy Chief of Indian Army". 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
  45. ^ "India test fires 290-km range supersonic BrahMos cruise missile". 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
  46. ^ a b "Lt Gen Narendra Singh New Dy Chief of Army Staff". 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  47. ^ a b "Lt Gen S K Patyal, takes over as Deputy Chief Of Army Staff (P&S) from Lt Gen Subrata Saha". 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  48. ^ "Lt General S.S. Hasabnis". Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  49. ^ "Major reshuffle in Army, Lt Gen Shantanu Dayal to take charge as Deputy Chief of Staff". 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  50. ^ "Lieutenant General JB Chaudhari #DCOAS (CD & S) interacted with Brigadier General (Res.) Yair Kulas". 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  51. ^ "Lieutenant General Rahul R Singh, assumed the appointment of Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Capability Development & Sustenance) today". x.com (formerly twitter). 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  52. ^ a b "New DCOAS (T&C) at Army Headquarters" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 30 August 1994. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  53. ^ "LIEUTENANT GENERAL S. K. JETLEY". Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  54. ^ "UN MILITARY CONTINGENT JUNIOR OFFICERS TRAINING CAPSULE HELD IN THE CITY". 2001-09-07. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  55. ^ "Lt Gen RK Sawhney takes over as Director General Military Intelligence" (PDF). 1997-12-31. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  56. ^ "Chaki, Yadav take over as deputy chiefs of Army staff". The Times of India. 2002-09-01. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  57. ^ "Lt Gen M Puri takes over as Dy Chief of Army Staff". Zee News. 2005-02-28. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  58. ^ a b "Key Army appointments to three senior posts - Lt Gen S Gupta is New Deputy Chief". Press Information Bureau. 1 May 2006.
  59. ^ "Deputy Chief of Army Staff addressed the contingent to represent in united Nations Mission in Congo". Press Information Bureau. 6 November 2008.
  60. ^ "Tonk likely to become Army deputy chief". 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  61. ^ "Lt. Gen. Halgali is new deputy chief of Indian Army". 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  62. ^ "Lt Gen D S Thakur being elevated as Army's new Deputy Chief". 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  63. ^ "Read Story of Lt. Gen JP Nehra (Ex-Deputy Army Chief-RETD)". 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  64. ^ "CURRICULUM VITAE" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  65. ^ "Lt General JS Cheema takes over as DCOAS (IS&T) of Indian Army". Press Information Bureau. 1 February 2017.
  66. ^ "Appointments". 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  67. ^ "Lt Gen Ranbir Singh assumes Northern Command GOC-in Chief charge". 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  68. ^ "Lt Gen Hira appointed Deputy Chief of Indian Army". 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  69. ^ "ICRC tweet". 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  70. ^ "Lt General A.S. Bhinder has taken over as Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (IS&T)". Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  71. ^ "Lt Gen Amardeep Singh Bhinder takes over as chief of South Western Command". 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  72. ^ "ADG PI tweet-Lt Gen Upendra Dwivedi has taken over as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff(IS &C)". 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  73. ^ "Lt Gen C Bansi Ponnappa has taken over as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff(IS & C) of the #IndianArmy". Twitter. 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  74. ^ "Lieutenant General Ravin Khosla has taken over as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff (IS & C)". Twitter. 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  75. ^ "Lt Gen Rakesh Kapoor assumed the appointment of the Deputy Chief of the Army Staff DCOAS (IS & C) of Indian Army today". 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  76. ^ "Army gets new DGMO, deputy chief and Kashmir Corps Commander". 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  77. ^ "Lt Gen Sanjeev Kumar Sharma to be deputy chief strategic planning in Army". 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  78. ^ "LT GEN SANJEEV KUMAR SHARMA TAKES OVER AS DEPUTY CHIEF OF ARMY STAFF (STRATEGY)". Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  79. ^ "The Official Home Page of the Indian Army". www.indianarmy.nic.in. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  80. ^ "Lieutenant General Tarun Kumar Aich Assumed the Appointment of Deputy Chief of Army Staff". www.latestly.com. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  81. ^ "Lieutenant General Pratik Sharma, today assumed the appointment of Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy) DCOAS(Strat)". x.com (formerly twitter). 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.