Clonostachys (fungus)

Clonostachys
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Sordariomycetes
Order:	Hypocreales
Family:	Bionectriaceae
Genus:	Clonostachys Corda[1]
Synonyms
Clonostachyopsis Höhn. Verticilliodochium Bubák Verticillis Clem. & Shear

Clonostachys is a genus of fungi in the order Hypocreales and family Bionectriaceae.

Clonostachys has a worldwide distribution and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions (Schroers 2001;[2] Domsch et al. 2007).[3] Species in the genus are saprobes, endophytes, plant pathogens and mycoparasites from various habitats including soil (Schroers 2001;[2] Toledo et al. 2006;[4] Zhang et al. 2008;[5] Moreira et al. 2016).

Clonostachys rosea is of interest as a biological pest control agent.[5]

Species

75 species were included by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility[6] As of 2023, 60 species are listed Species Fungorum:[7]

• Clonostachys agarwalii (Kushwaha) Schroers
• Clonostachys ambigua (Penz. & Sacc.) Forin & Vizzini (2020)
• Clonostachys apocyni (Peck) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous
• Clonostachys aranearum Wan H.Chen, Y.F.Han, J.D.Liang, X.Zou, Z.Q.Liang & D.C.Jin
• Clonostachys asymmetrica (Samuels) Schroers
• Clonostachys aurantia (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous
• Clonostachys blumenaviae (Rehm) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous
• Clonostachys candelabrum (Bonord.) Schroers
• Clonostachys candida Harz
• Clonostachys chlorina Schroers
• Clonostachys chloroleuca G.M.Moreira, L.M.Abreu, Pfenning & Schroers
• Clonostachys chongqingensis Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang (2022)
• Clonostachys coccicola (J.A.Stev.) H.T.Dao
• Clonostachys compacta Petch
• Clonostachys compactiuscula (Sacc.) D.Hawksw. & W.Gams
• Clonostachys coxeniae Y.P. Tan, Marney, Hywel-Jones & R.G. Shivas (2023)
• Clonostachys cylindrospora Höhn.
• Clonostachys dichotoma Bayl.Ell.
• Clonostachys divergens Schroers
• Clonostachys eriocamporesiana R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde (2020)
• Clonostachys essexcoheniae Y.P. Tan, Bishop-Hurley & R.G. Shivas (2023)
• Clonostachys farinosa (Henn.) Rossman
• Clonostachys gibberosa (Schroers) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
• Clonostachys granuligera (Starbäck) Forin & Vizzini (2020)
• Clonostachys indica Prasher & R.Chauhan
• Clonostachys intermedia Schroers
• Clonostachys krabiensis Tibpromma & K.D.Hyde (2018)
• Clonostachys leptoderma Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang (2022)
• Clonostachys leucaenae R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde (2023)
• Clonostachys manihotis (Rick) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
• Clonostachys mellea (Teng & S.H.Ou) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
• Clonostachys moreaui Lechat, J. Fourn. & Gasch (2020)
• Clonostachys oligospora Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang (2022)
• Clonostachys pallens (Penz. & Sacc.) Forin & Vizzini (2020)
• Clonostachys parva (Schroers) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
• Clonostachys phyllophila Schroers (2001)
• Clonostachys pilosella Lechat & J. Fourn. (2020)
• Clonostachys pnagiana Lechat & J. Fourn. (2020)
• Clonostachys populi Harz (1871)
• Clonostachys pseudobotrytis Höhn. (1902)
• Clonostachys pseudosetosa (Samuels) Schroers (2001)
• Clonostachys pseudostriatopsis Hirooka & Tak.Kobay. (2007)
• Clonostachys pulvinata Petch (1927)
• Clonostachys rhizophaga Schroers (2001)
• Clonostachys rogersoniana Schroers (2001)
• Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W.Gams (1999)
• Clonostachys saulensis Lechat & J.Fourn. (2019)
• Clonostachys simmonsii Massee (1907)
• Clonostachys spinulosa R.H. Perera, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde (2023)
• Clonostachys spinulosispora Lechat & J.Fourn. (2018)
• Clonostachys squamuligera (Sacc.) Forin & Vizzini (2020)
• Clonostachys swieteniae R.H. Perera, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde (2020)
• Clonostachys tonduzii (Speg.) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
• Clonostachys tornata (Höhn.) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
• Clonostachys truncata (J.Luo & W.Y.Zhuang) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
• Clonostachys vesiculosa (J.Luo & W.Y.Zhuang) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
• Clonostachys viticola C. Torcato & A. Alves (2020)
• Clonostachys wenpingii (J.Luo & W.Y.Zhuang) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2014)

Former species (all are Bionectriaceae, except if mentioned);[7]

• C. araucaria Corda (1839) = Clonostachys rosea
• C. araucaria var. compacta Preuss (1853) = Clonostachys rosea
• C. araucaria var. confusa Pinkerton (1936) = Clonostachys rosea
• C. araucaria var. rosea Preuss (1853) = Clonostachys rosea
• C. aureofulvella Schroers (2001) = Bionectria aureofulvella
• C. buxi (J.C. Schmidt ex Link) Schroers (2001) = Pseudonectria buxi, Nectriaceae
• C. byssicola Schroers (2001) = Bionectria byssicola
• C. capitata Schroers (2001) = Bionectria capitata
• C. catenulata (J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott) B. Jensen, D.F. Jensen & J. Larsen (2008) = Clonostachys rosea
• C. cylindrospora G. Arnaud (1952) = Clonostachys compactiuscula
• C. epichloe Schroers (2001) = Bionectria epichloe
• C. grammicospora Schroers & Samuels (2001) = Bionectria grammicospora
• C. grammicosporopsis Schroers & Samuels (2001) = Bionectria grammicosporopsis
• C. impariphialis (Samuels) Schroers (2001) = Bionectria impariphialis
• C. kowhai Schroers (2001) = Bionectria kowhai
• C. lasiacidis Schroers (2001) = Bionectria lasiacidis
• C. levigata Schroers (2001) = Bionectria levigata
• C. lucifer Schroers & Samuels (2001) = Bionectria lucifer
• C. macrospora (Sacc. & Ellis) Schroers & W. Gams (2001) = Clonostachys apocyni
• C. miodochialis Schroers (2001) = Clonostachys parva
• C. oblongispora Schroers (2001) = Bionectria oblongispora
• C. pityrodes Schroers (2001) = Bionectria pityrodes
• C. populi var. aesculi Oudem. (1904) = Clonostachys populi
• C. pseudochroleuca Schroers (2001) = Bionectria pseudochroleuca
• C. pseudostriata Schroers (2001) = Bionectria pseudostriata
• C. ralfsii Schroers (2001) = Bionectria ralfsii
• C. rosea f. catenulata (J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott) Schroers (2001) = Clonostachys rosea
• C. rossmaniae Schroers (2001) = Bionectria rossmaniae
• C. samuelsii Schroers (2001) = Bionectria samuelsii
• C. sesquicillii Schroers (2001) = Bionectria sesquicillii
• C. setosa (Vittal) Schroers (2001) = Bionectria setosa
• C. solani (Harting) Schroers & W. Gams (2001) = Bionectria solani
• C. solani f. nigrovirens (J.F.H. Beyma) Schroers (2001) = Bionectria solani
• C. spectabilis (Harz) Sacc. (1886) = Peziza ostracoderma, Pezizaceae
• C. sporodochialis Schroers (2001) = Bionectria sporodochialis
• C. subquaternata Schroers & Samuels (2001) = Bionectria subquaternata
• C. verrucispora Schroers (2001) = Bionectria verrucispora
• C. zelandiae-novae Schroers (2001) = Bionectria zelandiae-novae

References

1. Corda ACJ (1839) Pracht-Fl. Eur. Schimmelbild. 31
2. Schroers, H.J. (2001). "A monograph of Bionectria (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae) and its Clonostachys anamorphs". Stud Mycol. 46: 1–214.
3. Domsch, K.H.; Gams, W.; Anderson, T. (2007). Compendium of soil fungi (2nd ed.). Verlag, Eching: IHW.
4. Toledo, A.V.; Virla, E.; Humber, R.A.; Paradell, S.L.; Lastra, C.C.L. (2006). "First record of Clonostachys rosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as an entomopathogenic fungus of Oncometopia tucumana and Sonesimia grossa (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Argentina". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 92: 7–10.
5. Zhang, L.; Yang, J.; Niu, Q.; Zhao, X.; Ye, F.; Liang, L.; Zhang, K.Q. (2008). "Investigation on the infection mechanism of the fungus Clonostachys rosea against nematodes using the green fluorescent protein". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 78: 983–990.
6. GBIF: Clonostachys Corda
7. "Species Fungorum - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 18 July 2023.