All-China Federation of Trade Unions

All-China Federation of Trade Unions
All-China Federation of Trade Unions
Simplified Chinese	中华全国总工会
Traditional Chinese	中華全國總工會
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōnghuá Quánguó Zǒng Gōnghuì
Wade–Giles	Chunghua Ch'üankuo Tsung Kunghoe

All-China Federation of Trade Unions
Founded	1 May 1925
Type	People's organization; national trade union center
Headquarters	Beijing, China
Location	People's Republic of China;
Members	302 million (2017); 280 million (2013); 250 million (2012); 193 million (2008); 134 million (2005);
Key people	Wang Dongming, Chairman; Xu Liuping [zh], Party Secretary
Publication	Workers' Daily
Affiliations	WFTU; Profintern (historical)
Website	acftu.org

The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) is the national trade union center and people's organization of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest trade union in the world with 302 million members in 1,713,000 primary trade union organizations.^[3] The ACFTU is divided into 31 regional federations and 10 national industrial unions. The ACFTU is the country's sole legally mandated trade union, with which all enterprise-level trade unions must be affiliated. There has been dispute over whether ACFTU is an independent trade union or a trade union at all.^[4] The federation owns a higher education institution—the China University of Labor Relations.

History

The Federation was founded in 1925^[5]^: 130 when the "Second National Labor Congress" of China convened in Canton with 277 delegates representing 540,000 workers, and adopted the Constitution of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Between 1922 and 1927, the organization flourished, as did the Chinese Communist Party's control over the trade union movement. The labor movement had grown enormously, particularly in the three industrial and commercial centers of Canton, Hong Kong, and Shanghai, but it also had some organizational success in other cities such as Wuhan.^[6] The ACFTU was restricted in 1927 by the newly established rule of the Nationalist regime under Chiang Kai-shek,^[2] who had ordered the execution of thousands of CCP cadres and their sympathizers as part of a crackdown on Communism. All Communist Party-led unions were banned and replaced with yellow unions loyal to him (e.g. the "Chinese Federation of Labor," which has since reformed into an independent union).^[7]

By the rise of Mao Zedong in 1949, the ACFTU was established as China's sole national labor union center, but was again dissolved in 1966 in the wake of the Cultural Revolution in favor of revolutionary committees.^[2] Following Mao's death in 1976, in October 1978 the ACFTU held its first congress since 1957. Since the early 1990s it has been regulated by the Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China.^[8]

The ACFTU had the major role in advancing the Labor Contract Law, which came into effect in 2008.^[9]^: 67 The ACFTU drafted the law and proposed it to the National People's Congress.^[9]^: 67

According to a 2011 study during the period of rapid economic growth in China the ACFTU has prioritized the interests of business over the interests of labor and has lost legitimacy in the eyes of many laborers.^[10]

In 2018, the 17th National Congress of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions was held at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.^[11] At the congress Union leadership faced pressure to stop acting as a bridge or mediator between workers and management and start acting as a genuine voice of the workers. This pressure arose both internally and was also applied by the CCP.^[12]

In 2018, the ACFTU identified platform economy food delivery drivers among its eight priority groups of workers for protection.^[13]^: 162 It increased its skills training, legal assistance, and provided some medical benefits for these workers.^[13]^: 162

Organization

As of early 2024, the ACFTU has 300 million members and one million officials, making it the world's largest union.^[13]^: 161

The Communist Party controls the appointment of ACFTU officials at the regional and national levels.^[13]^: 161

Grassroots level enterprise unions are generally generally established by local union officials in consultation with enterprise management.^[13]^: 161

Relation to the state

The ACFTU advocates for workers' interests within the CCP and the government.^[5]^: 130 It also seeks to address occupational health and safety issues and carries on industrial policy oversight.^[5]^: 84

ACFTU activist Guo Wencai has said that democratic elections were a key standard to measure the effectiveness of a trade union and noted that the practice of Chinese company chiefs "appointing union leaders or assigning someone from their human resources department to act as union leader hampers a trade union's independence and its ability to protect workers' rights."^[14]

The CIA-funded^[15] International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (now the International Trade Union Confederation) claims that the ACFTU is not an independent union, stating in its policy:

There are differing approaches among ICFTU affiliates and Global Union Federations concerning contacts with the ACFTU ranging from "no contacts" to "constructive dialog." The ICFTU, noting that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organization and, therefore, cannot be regarded as an authentic voice of Chinese workers, reaffirms its request to all affiliates and Global Union Federations having contacts with the Chinese authorities, including the ACFTU, to engage in critical dialog. This includes raising violations of fundamental workers' and trade union rights in any such meetings, especially concerning cases of detention of trade union and labor rights activists.^[16]

Publications

The ACFTU publishes various journals, magazines, and other media, including Worker's Daily.^[5]^: 130

Other labor activism in China

The ACFTU is China's only legal trade union.^[13]^: 161

The independent Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation formed during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Martial Law Command Headquarters issued a public notice declaring the BWAF an illegal organization and ordering it to disband on the grounds that Federation leaders were among "the main instigators and organizers in the capital of the counterrevolutionary rebellion."^[17]^[18]

Since the 1990s, grassroots non-government organizations focused on labor advocacy have increased.^[13]^: 162 As a result of their precarious legal position, they rarely engage in overt labor resistance.^[13]^: 162

The failure of the ACFTU to advocate for workers has led to an increase in wildcat strikes and other unauthorized labor action.^[10]

Member organizations

Regional affiliates

List of chairmen

Note: Until 1987, Wade-Giles was the standard romanized system for Chinese even pinyin was introduced in 1958. Current pinyin names are included in parentheses.

1st (May 1922 – May 1925)
- Teng Chung-hsia (Deng Zhongxia)
2nd (May 1925 – May 1926)
- Lin Wêi-min (Lin Weimin) (ACFTU officially formed)
3rd (May 1926 – June 1927)
- Su Chao-chêng (Su Zhaozheng)
4th (June 1927 – November 1929)
- Su Chao-cheng (Su Zhaozheng)
5th (November 1929 – August 1948)
- Hsiang Ying (Xiang Ying)
6th (August 1948 – May 1953)
- Liu Shao-chi (Liu Shaoqi) (honorary)
- Ch'ên Yün (Chen Yun)
7th (May 1953 – December 1957)
- Liu Shao-chi (Liu Shaoqi) (honorary)
- Lai Jo-yu (Lai Ruoyu)
8th (December 1957 – December 1966)
- Lai Jo-yu (Lai Ruoyu) (December 1957 – May 1958)
- Liu Ning-yi (Liu Ningyi) (August 1958 – December 1966)
9th (October 1978 – October 1983)
- Ni Chi-fu (Ni Zhifu)
10th (October 1983 – October 1988)
- Ni Chi-fu (Ni Zhifu)
11th (October 1988 – October 1993)
- Ni Zhifu
12th (October 1993 – October 1998)
- Wei Jianxing
13th (October 1998 – October 2003)
- Wei Jianxing (October 1998 – December 2002)
- Wang Zhaoguo (December 2002 – October 2003)
14th (October 2003 – October 2008)
- Wang Zhaoguo
15th (October 2008 – October 2013)
- Wang Zhaoguo (− March 2013)
- Li Jianguo (March 2013 – October 2013)
16th (October 2013 – October 2018)
- Li Jianguo (− March 2018)
- Wang Dongming (March 2018 – October 2018)
17th (October 2018 –)
- Wang Dongming

References

^ "王晓峰：全国已建基层工会282.9万个覆盖职工会员3.02亿人--中国工会新闻--人民网". Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Membership required:Trade unions in China Archived 7 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 31 July 2008
^ ^a ^b International Centre for Trade Union Rights (ICTUR), ed. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
^ Taylor, B.; Li, Q. (2007). "Is the ACFTU a Union and Does it Matter?". Journal of Industrial Relations. 49 (5): 701–715. doi:10.1177/0022185607082217. S2CID 154822045.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.
^ Lee, Lao To (1986): Trade Unions in China 1949 to the Present. Singapore University Press
^ Traub-Merz, Rudolf (2011): All China Federation of Trade Unions: Structure, Functions and the Challenge of Collective Bargaining. International Labor Office
^ "Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China (2009 Amendment)" (PDF). ilo.org. Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b Li, David Daokui (2024). China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398.
^ ^a ^b Bai, Ruixue (2011). "The Role of the All China Federation of Trade Unions: Implications for Chinese Workers Today". WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society. 14: 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00318.x.
^ Chenglong, Jiang. "National Congress of All-China Federation of Trade Unions opens". www.chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ "Why is the Communist Party telling the All-China Federation of Trade Unions to reform?". clb.org.hk. CLB. 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
^ "Morning Star". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ Hill, Herbert (1993). "The CIA in National and International Labor Movements". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 6 (3): 405–407. ISSN 0891-4486.
^ "ICFTU China policy". ICFTU. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
^ Andrew G. Walder; Gong Xiaoxia (January 1993). "Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs. 29 (29): 1–29. doi:10.2307/2949950. JSTOR 2949950. S2CID 155448546.
^ ZHANG, YUERAN. "The Forgotten Socialists of Tiananmen Square". www.jacobinmag.com. Jacobin Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.