Wallacea

     Subkawasan Sulawesi: Pulau Sulawesi, Kepulauan Talaud, Sangihe, Togian, dan Sula      Subkawasan Maluku: Pulau Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Ambon, dan Seram      Subkawasan Nusa Tenggara: Pulau Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, dan Kepulauan Tanimbar

Wallacea adalah kawasan biogeografis yang mencakup sekelompok pulau-pulau dan kepulauan di wilayah Indonesia bagian tengah, terpisah dari paparan benua-benua Asia dan Australia oleh selat-selat yang dalam. Nama Wallacea sendiri diambil dari seorang naturalis Alfred Russel Wallace yang telah mendeskripsikan batas-batas biologis kawasan zoogeografis yang dikenal sebagai Garis Wallace.[1]

Wallace menyadari ada perbedaan karakteristik antara hewan-hewan di Kalimantan dan Sulawesi dan di Bali dan Lombok, meskipun pulau-pulau tersebut berdekatan. Ia mengajukan teori bahwa ada garis tak kasatmata yang membujur antara Kalimantan dan Sulawesi dan Bali dan Lombok, yang memisahkan fauna dari pulau-pulau tersebut.[2]

Wallacea adalah zona transisi antara daerah biogeografis Indo-Malaya Raya dan Australasia. Jutaan tahun berada dalam relatif isolasi menghasilkan fauna endemik yang luar biasa untuk berkembang di sini.[2] Kawasan Wallacea meliputi pulau-pulau Sulawesi (yang terbesar di kelompok ini), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, serta banyak pulau-pulau kecil di antaranya. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa kawasan Wallacea memuat seluruh Pulau Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, dan Maluku. Wilayah ini terletak di antara Paparan Sunda atau Dangkalan Sunda di barat, dan Paparan Sahul atau Dangkalan Sahul di timur. Total luas daratan kawasan Wallacea sekitar 347,000 km².

Di Wallacea terdapat 697 spesies burung, 249 (36%) di antaranya endemik. Di Sulawesi dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya, ada 328 spesies burung, 230 di antara tidak bermigrasi dan 97 spesies endemis, contohnya burung maleo.[2]

Provinsi dan pulau-pulau besar di Wallacea
Sulawesi
6 provinsi
Maluku Utara, termasuk Halmahera
Maluku, tidak termasuk Aru
Nusa Tenggara Barat
(Lombok, Sumbawa)
Nusa Tenggara Timur, termasuk
Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Timor Barat
Timor Leste (negara tersendiri)

Referensi

  1. ^ Coates, Brian and Bishop, K (2000). Panduan Lapangan Burung-Burung di Kawasan Wallacea. Brisbane, Australia: BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme & Dove Publications Pty. ISBN 979-95794-2-2. 
  2. ^ a b c The Conversation

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Abdullah MT. (2003). Biogeography and variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
  • Corbet, GB, Hill JE. (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni and M.T. Abdullah. (2004). Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191–284.
  • Wilson DE, Reeder DM. (2005). Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

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