Twerking

Seorang perempuan twerking di sebuah festival musik.
Seorang perempuan twerking di sebuah festival musik
Seorang perempuan twerking di sebuah kontes
Seorang perempuan twerking dengan musik dari Big Freedia dalam sebuah kontes pada tahun 2014

Twerking (/ twɜrkɪŋ /) adalah salah satu jenis tarian musik yang di mana seorang individu, biasanya perempuan diiringi musik menari dengan cara yang provokatif secara seksual dengan melibatkan dan menyodorkan gerakan pinggul dan sikap jongkok rendah. Ada bukti dari wawancara etnografis di New Orleans bahwa istilah dimulai sebagai bahasa jalanan di New Orleans dengan munculnya musik hip-hop lokal yang dikenal dengan Bounce. Sejak akhir 1990-an, video Twerking disebarkan melalui hip-hop terutama video dan situs video-sharing yang populer sejak pertengahan 2000-an. Pada tahun 2013, TWERK ditambahkan ke Oxford Dictionary Online [Kamus kata. Kata Twerking telah ada selama 20 tahun.

(video) Penari cadangan melakukan twerking di konser Pharrell Williams tahun 2015 di Jepang

Etimologi

Tahun 2013 Kamus Oxford postingan blog menyatakan, "teori yang paling mungkin adalah bahwa ini adalah perubahan karya, karena kata tersebut memiliki sejarah penggunaan yang serupa, dengan penari didorong untuk" mengerjakannya ".[1] Praktisi pentalan lokal mengaitkan istilah ini dengan singkatan dari "bekerja" ("bekerja"; atau, seperti pengucapannya, "twerk").[2][3]

Kamus Bahasa Inggris Oxford mendefinisikan penggunaan kata tersebut pada awal abad ke-19 sebagai gabungan dari "twist" dan "jerk" (atau "twitch"), yang dilaporkan oleh BBC dalam hubungannya dengan konteks budaya kulit hitam.[4] Kata tersebut dikatakan berasal dari pusat kota New Orleans dan sering digunakan di musik bouncing New Orleans oleh para rapper dan DJ yang mengadakan pesta blok di proyek perumahan..[5] Sebagai catatan, lagu tahun 1993 "Do the Jubilee All" oleh DJ Jubilee - yang berisi lirik "Twerk baby, twerk baby, twerk, twerk, twerk" - disebut-sebut sebagai lagu yang paling awal digunakan.[6][7][8] Namun, kemungkinan penggunaan sebelumnya ada dalam lagu Funkadelic tahun 1979 (Not Just) Knee Deep, yang berisi lirik "It did't twerk, no" (sering salah dikutip sebagai "It did't work, no") berdurasi 1 menit 20 detik .

Kata tersebut menjadi populer pada tahun 2000an, ketika digunakan oleh rapper Atlanta Lil Jon dan The Eastside Boyz.[9] Google Trends penelusuran mengungkapkan bahwa minat terhadap kata "twerk" muncul pada November 2011.[10]

Oxford English Dictionary mendefinisikan twerking sebagai menari "dengan cara yang provokatif secara seksual, menggunakan gerakan menyodorkan bagian bawah dan pinggul sambil dalam posisi jongkok rendah".[11] Merriam-Webster memberikan definisi sebagai "tarian yang menjurus ke arah seksual yang ditandai dengan dorongan pinggul yang cepat dan berulang-ulang serta goyangan pada bokong terutama saat berjongkok".[12]

Definisi istilah Kamus Bahasa Inggris Oxford mungkin memicu stigma[13] seputar twerking sebagai tarian seksual dan provokatif.[14]

Asal

Elizabeth Pérez (2015) menyatakan dalam Diaspora Afrika dan Kulit Hitam: Jurnal Internasional:[15]

Tarian rampasan telah mengancam status quo dengan menekankan keanggotaan kelompok, pergerakan bebas orang kulit hitam yang kuat, dan narasi tandingan Afro-Diaspora. Mapalé Kolombia, atau baile negro, adalah contohnya. Mapalé mengenang tarian ekor ikan di perkebunan Amerika Utara; Davila menulis bahwa ‘gerakan ikan setelah ditangkap menyerupai kontraksi panggul dan perut [tarian] mengikuti irama drum’ (Davila 2009, 120).'Satu-satunya tarian yang diizinkan selama masa pemerintahan Spanyol', mapalé dikaitkan dengan pemberontakan melalui pembebasan Desakan pada nilai tubuh sebagai vektor untuk transmisi pengetahuan leluhur (Davila 2009, 120). 'Di mana tarian pada tingkat sosial adalah dikriminalisasi, di Mapalé, itu terus menjadi kekuatan yang tidak dapat dihancurkan dari Afro-Kolombia Identitas dalam struktur dari pantai Atlantic (Davila 2009, 134). batuque, with its ‘artificial rotations and contortions of the hip’ was officially suppressed, as were candombe and the bongo (quoted in Röhrig Assunção 2003, 167). The consensus is that such dances cognate to twerk – as indicated by their names and presence among Bantu-language-speaking slaves – are Central African in origin. A number of scholars well versed in the matter have arrived at Kubik’s conclusion: ‘motional emphasis on the pelvis, buttocks, etc., especially pelvis thrusts or circular pelvis movements described in United States jazz dance history as “Congo grind” are always suspect of a Congo/Angola background’ (Kubik 1979, 20).[15]

Prekursor

Pérez (2015) menyatakan:[15]

Prekursor yang secara historis dekat dengan twerk jarang dikutip sebagai analognya. Twerk muncul dari gaya gerakan sebelumnya, seperti 'gerakan kaki membungkuk pinggul ke atas dan ke belakang dari tarian yang disebut Tootsie Roll' dan p[ussy]-popping (Gaunt 2006, 285). Seperti yang dicatat Miller, 'kemungkinan bahwa P-Popping Merupakan ekspresi dari apa yang diidentifikasi Chadwick Hansen pada akhir 1960-an sebagai "tradisi panjang tarian pengocok erotis di Amerika", yang "jelas telah berlanjut dalam Komunitas Negro”’ (Miller 2012, 98). Beberapa rekaman paling awal dari gerakan seperti itu dapat dilihat dalam klip legendaris Joséphine Baker. Picart menulis, '[penulis biografi Baker Phyllis] Rose menduga bahwa "tarian perut" improvisasi Baker yang hiruk pikuk mungkin berasal dari gerakan yang terkait dengan tarian perut: the Shake, the Shimmy, the Mess Around – Yang semuanya populer dengan penari jazz New York Black pada tahun 1920-an (Picart 2013, 58). Tarian 'serpentine' lainnya yang meramalkan twerk adalah Georgia crawl dan 'the sensuous grind' yang disebut ballin' the jack, keduanya dengan masa kejayaan mereka di nineteen-teens (Gaunt 2012, 108; George-Graves 2009, 59; Oliver 1999, 107–108). Pada periode yang sama, "Dari Florida datang Swamp Shimmy, di mana undulasi tubuh, pinggul, dan anggota badan yang kuat dibuat karena kurangnya gerakan maju" (Oliver 1960, 149). Catatan sejarah menunjukkan bahwa tarian seperti twerk berasal dari periode antebellum di Amerika Selatan. Orang-orang yang diperbudak melakukan tarian pinggul ular dan ekor ikan yang berliku-liku di perkebunan selama festival dan pertemuan khusus, seperti makan malam perayaan. Mungkin yang jelas, seperti gerakan pinggul ular, twerk dapat berfungsi sebagai 'pembenaan' atau 'tarian independen dalam dirinya sendiri' (Hazzard-Gordon 1990, 123).[15]

Tarian twerk

Pada tahun 1990, pengenalan musik bouncing ke dalam kancah musik New Orleans membawa serta tarian twerking.[5] Pada tahun 1992, penyanyi Panama Renato merekam video klip "El más sensual" (yang paling seksi), sebuah lagu reggae dengan tarian twerking.[16]

Difusi fenomena tari dimulai lebih awal melalui pesta lokal dan akhirnya klub strip yang sering dikaitkan dengan musik rap arus utama dan produksi video yang ditayangkan oleh acara televisi kabel video yang menampilkan musik rap dan musik R&B. Populer platform berbagi video seperti YouTube meningkatkan minat sejak munculnya media sosial digital.[17]

Twerking juga dapat dilihat dalam video musik Destiny's Child 2001 Bootylicious, dalam video musik Beyoncé 2003 Crazy in Love, dalam video musik Asss Like That Eminem 2005, dan dalam video musik Rihanna 2013 Pour It Up.

Menjadi Perhatian nasional

Twerking pertama kali menerima pengakuan nasional di Amerika Serikat pada awal 2000-an, ketika lagu "Whistle While You Twurk" (2000), oleh Southern hip hop duo Ying Yang Twins, memuncak di nomor 17 di Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs component chart. It was later referenced in their later track "Say I Yi Yi" (2002), in which the lyrics "she got her hands up on her knees and her elbows on her thighs / she like to twerk and that's for certain I can tell that she fly" are heard. The chorus of Silkk the Shocker's 2001 song "That's Cool" features the line "Somebody that's off the chain / who could twerk that thang.”

R&B dan grup pop wanita Destiny's Child adalah girlgroup Amerika arus utama pertama yang menggunakan kata itu dalam sebuah lagu di lagu mereka "Jumpin' Jumpin'". Beyoncé memanfaatkan kata dan tarian dalam lagunya tahun 2005 dan video musik yang sesuai "Check on It".[18]

In 2013, the dance became a viral sensation beyond African-American popular culture, when pop singer Miley Cyrus used the dance in a video that was uploaded first on Facebook and then on YouTube in March which then later became a viral meme throughout social media outlets.[19] Though twerking began trending as a web search in November 2011, and despite its origins in the bounce culture of New Orleans in the late 1980s, the word twerk would be added to the Oxford Dictionary Online[20] and attributed to Cyrus following her appearance at the MTV VMA Awards in August 2013. It became the number one "what is" Google search that year[21] as those outside the culture questioned the popularity of the dance. The word was a runner-up to "selfie" in the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013.[22]

Grafik Billboard

Pada tahun 2006, singel "SexyBack", oleh penyanyi pop Amerika Justin Timberlake, ditampilkan Timbaland, dari album studio kedua mantanFuturesex/Lovesounds, featured Timbaland rapping the lyrics "Let me see what you're twerking with / Go ahead, be gone with it, Look at those hips". In 2007, the song "Pop, Lock & Drop It", by American rapper Huey, reached number six on the US Billboard Hot 100.

The 2012 single "Bandz a Make Her Dance" by Juicy J contains the lyric "Start twerking when she hear her song",[23] while French Montana questions the ability of a girl to twerk by asking "What you twerkin' with?" in his 2012 single "Pop That" featuring fellow rappers Drake, Lil Wayne and Rick Ross.[24] The aforementioned songs, along with "Express Yourself" by Nicky Da B and Diplo, "made twerking the most popular dance move since the Dougie".[25] In 2014, the song "Anaconda" by Nicki Minaj peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, makes numerous allusions to twerking.

In November 2018, the City Girls released a song called "Twerk" featuring rapper Cardi B which peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 29. The lyrics to the song ("Twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk with her") is self-explanatory as to how the City Girls wanted to grab the attention of their female audience.[26] The music video has over 200 million views on YouTube as of June 2022.[27]

Di media

In 2011, the Twerk Team, a group of female dancers from Atlanta who have posted several videos of themselves twerking on YouTube, were mentioned during the song "Round of Applause" by Waka Flocka Flame featuring Drake, in the line "Bounce that ass, shake that ass like the Twerk Team".[28] Australian rapper Iggy Azalea has incorporated twerking into her live shows since 2011.[29][30] In July 2012, during the Workaholics episode "The Lord's Force", Anders Holm says "Let's just, uh, put on some twerk videos or something, right?".[31]

In March 2013, American pop singer Miley Cyrus posted a video on Facebook which featured her performing a twerking routine while wearing a unicorn suit, to the 2011 single "Wop" by J. Dash. The popularity of the video, along with parodies and responses made by fans, influenced the song's re-emergence on the Billboard Hot 100.[32] Miley Cyrus's "Wop" video would go to become viral. By April 9, 2013, copies of the video had amassed over 4 million views on YouTube. Also in March 2013, Mollie King, an English singer-songwriter and lead vocalist of British-Irish girl group The Saturdays, was seen twerking when her bandmate Rochelle Humes uploaded the footage on YouTube.[33] American actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens was also seen twerking in March on American late-night talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[34] In September 2013, Hudgens was later seen twerking, this time to the song "Bubble Butt", during her performance at Bootsy Bellows in West Hollywood, with her girl group YLA.[35][36] Hudgens was again seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.[37][38] American actress and singer Ashley Tisdale can also be seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.[39][40]

On July 9, 2013, a video was posted on the Twitter-owned video sharing service Vine entitled "Twerk Team", which featured a group of five women provocatively twerking to "Don't Drop That Thun Thun". The clip was shared by users over 100,000 times, becoming a trend for the community and users created their own responses and parodies featuring the song, collected under the hashtags "#dontdropthat" and "#thunthun". The viral popularity of the Vine clips led to an unexpected increase in sales for the song; prior to the posting of the "Twerk Team" clip, only 4,000 copies of the song had been sold; in the following weeks, sales went up to 34,000, then to over 72,000. By late July, "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" had reached #5 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart, and it eventually peaked at #35 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[41]

Both "Wop" and "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" have been cited as examples of how viral and user-created videos can bring renewed interest to songs; Spin writer Jordan Sargent considered "Wop" to be rap music's "Harlem Shake moment", but not a meme to the same extent as it.[41][42] In April 2013, American rapper Danny Brown released the song "Express Yourself", inspired by music producer Diplo's song of the same name. The song, produced by Trampy, features a fast-paced electronic beat and is a composition about the popular dance craze twerking.[43] Brown dedicated the song "to all the ladies that like to turn up and have fun," in which he raps "Toes on the wall and her ass in the air / And she twerk that thing like she ain't have a care".[44][45]

In the music video for Barbadian singer Rihanna's single "Pour It Up", which was released in May 2013, the singer can be seen twerking.[46] In June 2013, American rapper Busta Rhymes released a Jamaican dancehall-inspired single titled "Twerk It", featuring Nicki Minaj, who has been featured on several other "twerking songs", including "Shakin' It 4 Daddy" by Robin Thicke, "Dance (A$$)" by Big Sean and "Clappers" by Wale. Minaj can be seen twerking in all four of the aforementioned songs' respective music videos. Minaj can also be seen twerking in the music videos for American rapper Nelly's single "Get Like Me" and American singer Ciara's single "I'm Out".[47][48] In August 2013, the song "Twerk", by Lil Twist, featuring pop singers Miley Cyrus and Justin Bieber, was leaked online.[49]

On July 14, 2013, Showtime broadcast Season 1 Episode 3 of the series Ray Donovan, entitled "Twerk", in which actor Jon Voight's character enters a college library and pays a student to give up his computer terminal so that he can watch online videos of women twerking.[50] A YouTube video of the scene has more than 38,000views.[51]

In August 2013, Juicy J announced via Twitter that he would give out a $50,000 scholarship for the girl who can twerk the best. The competition is inspired by the track "Scholarship" on his third album Stay Trippy, which contains the lyric "Keep twerking baby, might earn you a scholarship."[52] In early September 2013, a video titled "Worst Twerk Fail EVER - Girl Catches Fire!", began circulating around online; the video went on to become viral with over 9 million views, and received media coverage. The following week, American comedian and television host Jimmy Kimmel revealed the video was a hoax that he and his team had devised, on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[53][54][55] In April 2014, the video won the Webby Award for best viral clip of the year.[56]

Also in September, "Twerk" from the MTV VMA show was named the Top Television Word of the Year (Teleword) of the 2012–2013 TV season by the Global Language Monitor. In October 2013, American actress Beth Behrs, of American television sitcom 2 Broke Girls, was seen twerking on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[57][58] Behrs was later seen twerking to the 1992 hit "Baby Got Back", in January 2014, during the 40th annual awards ceremony of the People's Choice Awards, which she hosted alongside her co-star Kat Dennings.[59][60] The fifth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, which aired November 13, 2013 and was titled "The End of Twerk", revolved around the twerking phenomenon.[61] The seventh episode of the second season of the American reality television series Bad Girls All-Star Battle, which aired February 25, 2014 and was titled "Twerk It Out", featured the contestants twerking as fast as possible with pedometers on their back.[62]

In August 2013, American recording artist Miley Cyrus, generated controversy following a sexually provocative performance during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, in which Cyrus twerked during a medley of her track "We Can't Stop", "Blurred Lines" and "Give It 2 U" by Robin Thicke.[63] Cyrus also received criticism for "stealing" African American culture, also known as cultural appropriation.[64]

Pada Agustus 2014, American recording artist Taylor Swift, featured twerking in the music video to her single "Shake It Off".[65] Hal ini menimbulkan kontroversi dengan rapper Amerika Earl Sweatshirt yang mengatakan bahwa video tersebut "mengabadikan stereotip".[66]

Pada Oktober 2013, Valerie Dixon yang berumur 27 tahun, ditahan di Lake County, Florida, karena dia sedang twerking dan berbicara bahasa kotor di depan bus sekolah. Penangkapan lain di Florida karena memutar-mutar listrik di depan umum termasuk blogger video Caramel Kitten dan dua turis Kanada yang tidak disebutkan namanya..[67]

Lihat pula

Referensi

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  49. ^ "Miley Cyrus and Justin Bieber team up for new song called Twerk". The Daily Telegraph. London. August 29, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asliPerlu langganan berbayar tanggal January 12, 2022. Diakses tanggal September 9, 2013. 
  50. ^ "Ray Donovan Recap: Twerk". Collider. July 15, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 24, 2013. Diakses tanggal February 26, 2017. 
  51. ^ "Ray Donovan hilarious jon voight scene Twerk!!". YouTube. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 1, 2022. Diakses tanggal February 26, 2017. 
  52. ^ "Twerk Hard and Earn a $50,000 College Scholarship Courtesy Of Juicy J". Time. August 29, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 3, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 11, 2013. 
  53. ^ Blake, Meredith (September 10, 2013). "Jimmy Kimmel reveals truth behind 'twerking girl on fire' video". Los Angeles Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal June 22, 2020. 
  54. ^ Oldenburg, Ann (September 10, 2013). "Jimmy Kimmel: 'Twerking girl on fire' video was a hoax". usatoday.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 25, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  55. ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Admits 'Twerking FAIL' Video Was Hoax Set Up By His Show". HuffPost. September 10, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 25, 2020. Diakses tanggal June 22, 2020. 
  56. ^ "Worst Twerk Fail ever video: Girl sets herself on fire while twerking clip wins top viral Webby award for internet excellence - Mirror Online". mirror.co.uk. April 30, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 5, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  57. ^ "Beth Behrs Twerks the DJ Stand on Ellen show". youtube.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 9, 2015. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  58. ^ "Beth Behrs Twerks the DJ Stand". EllenTV.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 8, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  59. ^ "Beth Behrs "Baby Got Back" Twerking Sketch at 2014 People's Choice Awards". Yahoo Screen. Clevver News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 8, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  60. ^ "'2 Broke Girls' Star Twerks To 'Baby Got Back' At The 'People's Choice Awards'". HuffPost. January 9, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 1, 2019. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  61. ^ "Glee Recap: Twerking, Moles, and 'Blurred Lines'". Vulture. November 15, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 13, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  62. ^ "'Bad Girls All Star Battle' Season 2, Episode 7: 'Twerk It Out". Atlanta Blackstar. February 25, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 2, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2014. 
  63. ^ Lauren Moraski (September 21, 2013). "Miley Cyrus' booty-shaking VMA performance gets quite the reaction". CBS News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 26, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2013. 
  64. ^ "Ebro Implies Miley Cyrus Is A Culture Vulture After Quoting Cardi B". HotNewHipHop. March 21, 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 3, 2019. Diakses tanggal May 3, 2019. 
  65. ^ Phillips, Catherine (August 21, 2014). "Is Taylor Swift's video for Shake It Off racist?". Metro.co.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 22, 2014. Diakses tanggal August 21, 2014. 
  66. ^ Gupta, Prachi (August 19, 2014). "Taylor Swift's music video is uncomfortable, but is it really racist?". Salon.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 21, 2014. Diakses tanggal August 21, 2014. 
  67. ^ Locker, Melissa (October 9, 2013). "Florida Woman Arrested For Twerking In Front Of School Bus Full of Children". Time. 

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Twerking.
Lihat entri twerk di kamus bebas Wiktionary.

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