Supervulkan

Peta supervulkan yang dikenal di seluruh dunia:

Supervulkan, sering pula disebut gunung berapi super atau gunung berapi raksasa adalah gunung berapi yang mampu menghasilkan letusan vulkanis dengan ejekta lebih besar dari 1.000 kilometer kubik, yang lebih besar dari peristiwa vulkanis manapun dalam sejarah.[1] Supervulkan dapat terjadi ketika magma di Bumi naik ke kerak tetapi tidak mampu melewati kerak. Meningkatnya tekanan membuat kerak tidak dapat menahan tekanan. Supervulkan juga dapat membentuk batas lempeng konvergen (contohnya Toba). Istilah supervulkan relatif baru bagi ilmu pengetahuan.

Discovery Channel telah mendokumentasikan tujuh supervulkan:[2] Kaldera Yellowstone, Long Valley, dan Valles di Amerika Serikat; Danau Toba, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia; Gunung Taupo, Selandia Baru; Kaldera Aira, Kyūshū, Jepang; dan Siberian Traps, Rusia. Meskipun jumlah supervulkan dapat dihitung dengan jari, tetapi letusan supervulkan dapat menyebabkan perubahan iklim yang drastis (seperti menyebabkan zaman es kecil) yang dapat mengancam spesies di dunia.

Letusan besar yang masif

Letusan gunung berapi diklasifikasikan menggunakan Volcanic Explosivity Index (Index Ledakan Gunung berapi), atau VEI. Ini adalah skala logaritmik, yang berarti bahwa peningkatan satu nilai VEI setara dengan peningkatan sepuluh kali lipat volume material yang meletus. Letusan VEI 7 dan VEI 8 sangat kuat sehingga sering membentuk kaldera melingkar daripada kerucut kerena penarikan magma ke bawah menyebabkan massa batuan di atasnya runtuh ke ruang magma yang kosong di bawahnya.

Supervulkan yang diketahui

Berdasarkan stastik yang tidak lengkap, sedikitnya 60 letusan VEI 8 telah diidentifikasi.[3][4] Di bawah ini adalah daftar dari letusan super (supererupsi) yang diketahui.

Letusan VEI 8 telah terjadi di lokasi berikut ini.
Nama Wilayah Lokasi Catatan Tahun yang lalu (perkiraan) Volume massal ejekta (perkiraan) Referensi
Letusan Toba termuda Kaldera Toba, Sumatera Utara Sumatra, Indonesia Menghasilkan 2200–4400 juta ton H2SO4 75,000 2,000–13,200 km3 [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Formasi Sungai Pendaratan Datar Grup Tetagouche New Brunswick, Kanada Mungkin supererupsi terbesar yang diketahui. Keberadaannya sebagai letusan tunggal diperdebatkan, dan bisa menjadi peristiwa 2,000+ km³ berganda yang muncul kurang dari satu juta tahun. 466,000,000 2,000–12,000 km3 [13][14]
Wah Wah Springs Kompleks Kaldera Indian Peak–Caliente Utah, Amerika Serikat Letusan terbesar dari Kompleks Kaldera Indian Peak-Caliente, bertahan sebagai Tuf Wah Wah Springs; termasuk aliran piroklastik dengan tebal lebih dari 4.000 meter (13.000 ft). 30,600,000 5,500–5,900 km3 [11][15]
Kaldera La Garita Lapangan vulkanik San Juan Colorado, Amerika Serikat Letusan Fish Canyon 27,800,000 5,000 km3 [16][17]
Supererupsi Pendaratan Grey Titik panas Yellowstone Amerika Serikat Didepositkan sebagai Ignimbrit Pendaratan Grey 8,720,000 2,800  km3 [18]
La Pacana Zona Vulkanik Pusat Andes Chili Bertanggung jawab atas Ignimbrit Antana 4,000,000 2,500 km3 [19]
Letusan Huckleberry Ridge Titik panas Yellowstone Idaho, Amerika Serikat Tuf Huckleberry Ridge; terdiri dari tiga letusan yang berbeda dipisahkan oleh tahun hingga dekade 2,100,000 2,450–2,500 km3 [10][20]
Taupō-nui-a-Tia Zona Vulkanik Taupō Pulau Utara, Selandia Baru Ignimbrit Whakamaru/Gunung Curl Tephra 340,000 2,000 km3 [21]
Lapangan Vulkanik Heise Titik panas Yellowstone Idaho, Amerika Serikat Tuf Kilgore 4,500,000 1,800 km3 [22]
Supererupsi McMullen Titik panas Yellowstone Idaho Selatan, Amerika Serikat Ignimbrit McMullen 8,990,000 1,700;km3 [18]
Lapangan Vulkanik Heise Titik panas Yellowstone Idaho, Amerika Serikat Tuf Blacktail 6,000,000 1,500 km3 [22]
Cerro Guacha Kompleks vulkanik Altiplano-Puna Sur Lípez, Bolivia Ignimbrit Guacha, dua letusan yang lebih kecil diidentifikasi 5,700,000 1,300 km3 [23]
Kaldera Mangakino Zona Vulkanik Taupō Pulau Utara, Selandia Baru Letusan Kidnappers 1,080,000 1,200 km3 [24]
Letusan Oruanui Zona Vulkanik Taupō Pulau Utara, Selandia Baru Gunung Taupō (Danau Taupō) 26,500 1,170 km3 [25]
Cerro Galán Zona Vulkanik Pusat Andes Catamarca, Argentina Terdiri dari tiga letusan yang berbeda, dipisahkan oleh 30-40 ribu tahun 2,500,000 1,050 km3 [26]
Letusan Lava Creek Titik panas Yellowstone Idaho, Montana, dan Wyoming, Amerika Serikat Tuf Lava Creek; terdiri dari dua letusan berbeda yang dipisahkan oleh tahun 640,000 1,000 km3 [10][11][20]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/about/faq/faqsupervolcano.php#supervolcano
  2. ^ O'Hanlon, Larry. "Supervolcano: Yellowstone's Super Sisters". Discovery Channel. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2009. 
  3. ^ Bryan, Scott E.; Peate, Ingrid Ukstins; Peate, David W.; Self, Stephen; Jerram, Dougal A.; Mawby, Michael R.; Marsh, J.S. (Goonie); Miller, Jodie A. (2010-10). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth". Earth-Science Reviews (dalam bahasa Inggris). 102 (3-4): 207–229. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001. 
  4. ^ BG, Mason (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bull Volcanol. 66 (8): 735–748. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..735M. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9. S2CID 129680497
  5. ^ Petraglia, M.; Korisettar, R.; Boivin, N.; Clarkson, C.; Ditchfield, P.; Jones, S.; Koshy, J.; Lahr, M. M.; et al. (2007). "Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption". Science. 317 (5834): 114–116. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..114P. doi:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356. 
  6. ^ Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. (1986). "Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles". Journal of Geophysical Research. 91 (B10): 10355–10382. Bibcode:1986JGR....9110355K. doi:10.1029/JB091iB10p10355. 
  7. ^ Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T. (1978). "The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool". Bulletin Volcanologique. 41 (3): 286–298. Bibcode:1978BVol...41..286N. doi:10.1007/BF02597228. 
  8. ^ Rose, W.I.; Chesner, C.A. (1987). "Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka" (PDF). Geology. 15 (10): 913–917. Bibcode:1987Geo....15..913R. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 June 2010. 
  9. ^ Williams, M.A.J.; Royce, K. (1982). "Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 38 (3–4): 139. Bibcode:1982PPP....38..139W. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3. 
  10. ^ a b c "What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?". 
  11. ^ a b c "Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption". 
  12. ^ Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 2: 16. Bibcode:2014FrEaS...2...16C. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  13. ^ "Lexique du substrat rocheux". dnr-mrn.gnb.ca. Diakses tanggal 2019-12-22. 
  14. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-12-12. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-11. 
  15. ^ Tingey, David G.; Hart, Garret L.; Gromme, Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G. (2013-08-01). "The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions". Geosphere (dalam bahasa Inggris). 9 (4): 864–950. Bibcode:2013Geosp...9..864B. doi:10.1130/GES00902.1alt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  16. ^ Ort, Michael (22 September 1997). "La Garita Caldera". Northern Arizona University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 May 2011. Diakses tanggal 5 August 2010. 
  17. ^ Lipman, Peter W. (2007-11-02). "Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado". USGS Investigations Series I-2799. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 31 August 2010. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2010. 
  18. ^ a b "Discovery of Two Ancient Yellowstone Super-Eruptions, Including the Volcanic Province's Largest and Most Cataclysmic Event, Indicates the Yellowstone Hotspot Is Waning". 5 June 2020. 
  19. ^ Lindsay, J. M. (2001-03-01). "Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites". Journal of Petrology. 42 (3): 459–486. Bibcode:2001JPet...42..459L. doi:10.1093/petrology/42.3.459alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 0022-3530. 
  20. ^ a b Global Volcanism Program | Volcanoes of the World | Large Holocene Eruptions Diarsipkan 13 February 2010 di Wayback Machine.. Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
  21. ^ Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand". Nature. 319 (6054): 578–582. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..578F. doi:10.1038/319578a0. The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km3 but probably nearer 2,000 km3, ... 
  22. ^ a b Lisa A. Morgan; William C. McIntosh (2005). "Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA". GSA Bulletin. 117 (3–4): 288–306. Bibcode:2005GSAB..117..288M. doi:10.1130/B25519.1. 
  23. ^ Salisbury, M. J.; Jicha, B. R.; de Silva, S. L.; Singer, B. S.; Jimenez, N. C.; Ort, M. H. (21 December 2010). "40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 123 (5–6): 821–840. Bibcode:2011GSAB..123..821S. doi:10.1130/B30280.1. 
  24. ^ Rejuvenation and Repeated Eruption of a 1.0 Ma Supervolcanic System at Mangakino Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #V31C-2797. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  25. ^ Wilson, C. J. N (2001-12-01). "The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (dalam bahasa Inggris). 112 (1): 133–174. Bibcode:2001JVGR..112..133W. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6. ISSN 0377-0273. 
  26. ^ Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Coira, Beatriz; Wörner, Gerhard; Kay, Robert W.; Singer, Bradley S. (2011-12-01). "Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites". Bulletin of Volcanology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 73 (10): 1487–1511. Bibcode:2011BVol...73.1487K. doi:10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 1432-0819. 

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