Qatna

Qatna
	Citra Qatna dari satelit
	Lokasi di Syria
Nama alternatif	Tell el-Mishrife; تل المشرفة
Lokasi	al-Mishrifeh, Kegubernuran Homs, Suriah
Koordinat	34°50′06″N 36°51′57″E / 34.83500°N 36.86583°E
Jenis	Permukiman
Sejarah
Didirikan	Sekitar 3300 SM
Ditinggalkan	1982
Periode	Zaman Perunggu, Zaman Besi
Budaya	Amorit, Aram
Catatan situs
Tanggal ditemukan	1924, 1927–1929, 1994, 1999–2011
Arkeolog	Robert du Mesnil du Buisson, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, dan Peter Pfälzner
Kondisi	Reruntuhan
Pemilik	Publik
Akses umum	Ya
Situs web	http://www.qatna.de/

Qatna (bahasa Arab: تل المشرفة, Tell al-Mishrifeh) adalah sebuah kota kuno yang terletak di Kegubernuran Homs, Suriah. Reruntuhan kota ini tergolong sebagai sebuah "tel" yang terletak di dekat desa al-Mishrifeh, sekitar 18 km (11 mi) di sebelah timur laut Homs. Qatna pernah menjadi kota penting pada milenium kedua SM dan paruh pertama milenium pertama SM. Di situs ini terdapat istana kerajaan terbesar dari Suriah Zaman Perunggu dan sebuah makam kerajaan yang menunjukkan praktik pemakaman pada masa itu.

Situs ini sempat dihuni untuk waktu yang singkat pada paruh kedua milenium keempat SM dan kemudian dihuni lagi sekitar tahun 2800 SM. Pada tahun 2000 SM, Qatna menjadi ibu kota sebuah kerajaan yang berkuasa di kawasan Syam tengah dan selatan. Kerajaan ini membina hubungan baik dengan Mari, tetapi terus menerus berperang melawan Yamhad. Pada abad ke-15 SM, Qatna tidak lagi menjadi kawasan yang memegang hegemoni di Syam dan kemudian dikuasai oleh Mitanni. Kota ini kemudian berganti tangan antara Mitanni dengan Mesir hingga akhirnya ditaklukkan dan dijarah oleh Bangsa Het pada akhir abad ke-14 SM. Setelah dihancurkan, kota Qatna mengalami kemunduran hingga akhirnya ditinggalkan penduduknya pada abad ke-13 SM. Situs ini dihuni kembali pada abad ke-10 SM dan menjadi pusat Kerajaan Palistin dan kemudian Hamat sampai dihancurkan oleh Bangsa Asyur pada 720 SM. Sesudah peristiwa ini, yang tersisa dari Qatna hanyalah sebuah desa kecil yang akhirnya hilang ditelan zaman pada abad ke-6 SM. Pada abad ke-19 M, situs tersebut dihuni oleh sejumlah warga desa. Pada tahun 1982, keturunan mereka dipindahkan ke sebuah desa yang baru dibangun, yaitu al-Mishrifeh. Situs Qatna sendiri sudah digali oleh para arkeolog sejak tahun 1920-an.

Qatna pernah dihuni oleh berbagai suku bangsa, khususnya bangsa Amori yang pernah mendirikan kerajaan di kota tersebut, dan kemudian orang Aram. Bangsa Hurri menjadi bagian dari masyarakat Qatna pada abad ke-15 SM dan memengaruhi perkembangan bahasa tertulis di kota tersebut. Seni rupa dari Qatna memiliki ciri khas dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda kontak dengan wilayah sekitarnya. Warga kota Qatna mengikuti berbagai kultus, termasuk kultus yang melakukan pemujaan nenek moyang. Lokasi Qatna di tengah jaringan perdagangan Timur Dekat membantunya mencapai kekayaan dan kemakmuran; kota ini berdagang dengan berbagai wilayah yang bahkan mencapai kawasan Baltik dan Afganistan. Daerah di sekitar Qatna subur dengan air yang melimpah, sehingga tanahnya cocok untuk kegiatan pergembalaan dan mampu menopang jumlah penduduk yang besar.

Daftar pustaka

Abdulrahman, Ammar; Luciani, Marta; Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; Novák, Mirko; Pfälzner, Peter (2016). "The Syrian-Italian-German Mission at Tall Mishrife/ Qatna: Results of the First Season in 1999". Dalam Thuesen, Ingolf. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 22–26 May 2000, Copenhagen. 1: The Environment. Images of Gods and Humans. The Tell. Excavation Reports and Summaries Varia (Chronology, Technology, Artifacts). Department of History and Cultures, University of Bologna / Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-8-861-13007-4.
Ahrens, Alexander (2004). "Qatna, Qdn und die Levante: Bemerkungen zur Historischen Topographie des Frühen 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr". Göttinger Miszellen. Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie. 202. ISSN 0344-385X.
Ahrens, Alexander (2011). "Strangers in a Strange Land? The Function and Social Significance of Egyptian Imports in the Northern Levant During the 2nd Millennium BC". Dalam Duistermaat, Kim; Ilona, Regulski; Jennes, Gwen; Weiss, Lara. Intercultural Contacts in the Ancient Mediterranean. Proceedings of the International Conference at the Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo, 25th to 29th October 2008. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. 202. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven. ISSN 0777-978X.
Ahrens, Alexander; Dohmann-Pfälzner, Heike; Pfälzner, Peter (2012). "New Light on the Amarna Period from the Northern Levant. A Clay Sealing with the Throne Name of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten from the Royal Palace at Tall Mišrife/Qaṭna". Dalam Eichmann, Ricardo; Ess, Margarete. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie. 5. Orient Department of the German Archeological Institute (Orient-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts)- Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-030275-2. ISSN 1868-9078.
Ahrens, Alexander (2015). "The Early 18th Dynasty in the Northern Levant: New Finds and a Reassessment of the Sources". Dalam Mynářová, Jana; Onderka, Pavel; Pavúk, Peter. There and Back Again – the Crossroads II. Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Prague, September 15–18, 2014. Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Arts. ISBN 978-8-073-08575-9.
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79666-8.
Al-Maqdissi, Michel (2008). "Syrian Archaeological Excavations at Qatna". Dalam Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-295-4.
Al-Maqdissi, Michel (2010). "Matériel pour l'Étude de la Ville en Syrie (Deuxième Partie): Urban Planning in Syria during the SUR (Second Urban Revolution) (Mid-third Millennium BC)". Al-Rāfidān (Journal of Western Asiatic Studies). Institulte for Cultural studies of Ancient Iraq, Kokushikan University. Special Issue. ISSN 0285-4406.
Altman, Amnon (2004). The Historical Prologue of the Hittite Vassal Treaties. An Inquiry into the Concepts of Hittite Interstate Law. Bar-Ilan University Press. ISBN 978-9-652-26294-3.
Astour, Michael (1977). "Tunip-Hamath and Its Region: A Contribution to the Historical Geography of Central Syria". Orientalia. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 46 (1). OCLC 557711946.
Astour, Michael C. (1981). "Ugarit and the Great Powers". Dalam Young, Gordon Douglas. Ugarit in Retrospect. Fifty years of Ugarit and Ugaritic: Proceedings of the symposium of the same title held at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, February 26, 1979, under the auspices of the Middle West Branch of the American Oriental Society and the Mid-West Region of the Society of Biblical Literature. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-07-2.
Astour, Michael C. (2002). "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)". Dalam Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary. Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. 4. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-060-6.
Bauer, Catherine C; Degenhardt, Susanne; Witzel, Carsten; Flohr, Stefan; Pfälzner, Peter; Harvati, Katerina (2013). "A Tale of Two Tombs: Craniosynostoses from the Bronze-Age city of Qatna (Tell Mishrife, Syria)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 150 (Special Issue: Program of the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists). doi:10.1002/ajpa.22247 . ISSN 1096-8644.
Bietak, Manfred (2007). "Egypt and the Levant". Dalam Wilkinson, Toby. The Egyptian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-75377-0.
Bryan, Betsy Morrell (1991). The Reign of Thutmose IV. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-84202-3.
Bryce, Trevor (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-24010-4.
Bryce, Trevor (2003). Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25857-9.
Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Bryce, Trevor; Birkett-Rees, Jessie (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56210-8.
Burke, Aaron (2013). "Introduction to the Levant During the Middle Bronze Age". Dalam Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-166255-3.
Campbell, Edward Fay (1964). The Chronology of the Amarna Letters: With Special Reference to the Hypothetical Coregency of Amenophis III and Akhenaten. Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC 181805409.
Charpin, Dominique (2010). Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Diterjemahkan oleh Todd, Jane Marie. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10159-0.
Charpin, Dominique (2012) [2003]. Hammurabi of Babylon. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-752-0.
Cholidis, Nadja (2014). "Syro-Hittite States: the Site of Tell Halaf (Ancient Guzana)". Dalam Aruz, Joan; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena. Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-20808-5.
Cline, Eric H. (2015) [2014]. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (edisi ke-9). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-400-87449-1.
Cooper, Lisa (2013). "The Northern Levant (Syria) During the Early Bronze Age". Dalam Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-166255-3.
Cordani, Violetta (2011). "Dating the Ascension to the Throne of Šuppiluliuma I". KASKAL. LoGisma Editore. 8. ISBN 978-88-97530-07-7.
Cordani, Violetta (2013). "Suppiluliuma in Syria after the First Syrian War: the (Non-)Evidence of the Amarna Letters". Dalam de Martino, Stefano; Miller, Jared L. New Results and New Questions on the Reign of Suppiluliuma I. Eothen. 19. LoGisma Editore. ISBN 978-8-897-53010-7.
Cremaschi, Mauro; Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; Valsecchi, Verushka (2008). "Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and its Region. A Preliminary Reconstruction". Dalam Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05703-5.
Devecchi, Elena (2007). "A Fragment of a Treaty with Mukiš". Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)- Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà dell'Egeo e del Vicino Oriente. 49. ISSN 1126-6651.
Devecchi, Elena (2013). "Suppiluliuma's Syrian Campaigns in Light of the Documents from Ugarit". Dalam de Martino, Stefano; Miller, Jared L. New Results and New Questions on the Reign of Suppiluliuma I. Eothen. 19. LoGisma Editore. ISBN 978-8-897-53010-7.
Dietrich, Manfried; Oswald, Loretz (2005). "Alalah-Texte der Schicht VII (I). Historische und juristische Dokumente". Ugarit-Forschungen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Ugarit-Verlag. 36. ISBN 978-3-934-62865-6.
Duistermaat, Kim (2013). "Iamoni, M.- The Late MBA and LBA Pottery Horizons at Qatna. Innovation and Conservation in the Ceramic Tradition of a Regional Capital and the Implications for Second Millennium Syrian Chronology (Studi Archeologici Su Qatna 2), Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese, Udine, 2012. (360 p.). ISBN 978-88-8420-729-6". Akkadica. Assyriological Center Georges Dossin. 134 (2). ISSN 1378-5087.
Eidem, Jesper (2007). "Notes on the Topography of Late Bronze Age Qatna. New Evidence from the 'Lower City Palace' Tablets". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna. 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.
Ellenbogen, Josh; Tugendhaft, Aaron (2011). "Introduction". Dalam Ellenbogen, Josh; Tugendhaft, Aaron. Idol Anxiety. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-76043-0.
Epstein, Claire (1966). Palestinian Bichrome Ware. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-00471-9.
Feldman, Marian H (2006). Diplomacy by Design: Luxury Arts and an "International Style" in the Ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BCE. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-24044-2.
Fiorentino, Girolamo; Caracuta, Valentina (2015). "AMS 14C-dated Plants as a Tool for Investigating Palaeoclimate: New Data for Analysing Social Complexity in Ebla and Qatna (Northe western Syria) in the Light of 3rd Millennium BC Climate Change". Dalam Kerner, Susanne; Dann, Rachael; Bangsgaard, Pernille. Climate and Ancient Societies. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8-763-54199-2.
Freu, Jacques (2009). Al-Maqdissi, Michel, ed. "Qatna et les Hittites". Studia Orontica (dalam bahasa Prancis). Bulletin du Centre Syrien de la Recherches Archéologique, Vallé de Oronte, Palais Tabet. 6. ISSN 2306-7853. OCLC 717465740.
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. (2008). "The Problem of the Origin of the Hittite Cuneiform". Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. 2 (3). ISSN 0132-1447.
Gestoso Singer, Graciela Noemi (2016). "Amber Exchange in the Late Bronze Age Levant in Cross-cultural Perspective". Aula Orientalis. Editorial Ausa. 34 (2). ISSN 0212-5730.
Gromova, Daria (2007). "Hittite Role In Political History of Syria In the Amarna Age Reconsidered". Ugarit-Forschungen. Ugarit-Verlag. 39. ISBN 978-3-86835-001-2.
Gromova, Daria (2012). Kogan, Leonid, ed. "Idanda Archive and the Syrian Campaigns of SuppiluliumaI: New Pieces for the Puzzle". Babel und Bibel. Eisenbrauns. 6. ISBN 978-1-575-06228-0.
Gzella, Holger (2013). "Peoples and Languages of the Levant During the Bronze and Iron Ages". Dalam Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-166255-3.
Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003). "On the Recently Published Old Babylonian Texts from Tuttul". Orientalia. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 72 (3). OCLC 557711946.
Hess, Richard S. (1999). "The Onomastics of Ugarit". Dalam Watson, Wilfred; Wyatt, Nicolas. Handbook of Ugaritic Studies. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 1: The Near and Middle East. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-29410-3. ISSN 0169-9423.
James, Matthew A.; Reifarth, Nicole; Mukherjee, Anna J.; Crump, Matthew P.; Gates, Paul J.; Sandor, Peter; Robertson, Francesca; Pfälzner, Peter; Evershed, Richard P. (2009). "High Prestige Royal Purple Dyed Textiles from the Bronze Age Royal Tomb at Qatna, Syria". Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 83. ISSN 0003-598X.
Kitchen, Kenneth (1962). Suppiluliuma and the Amarna Pharaohs: A Study in Relative Chronology. Liverpool Monographs in Archaeology and Oriental Studies. 5. Liverpool University Press. OCLC 222536.
Klengel, Horst (1992). Syria, 3000 to 300 B.C.: a Handbook of Political History. Akademie Verlag. ISBN 978-3-050-01820-1.
Klengel, Horst (2000). "Qaṭna - Ein Historischer Überblick". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft. Deutschen Orientgesellschaft. 132. ISSN 0342-118X.
Kottsieper, Ingo (2007). "The Tel Dan Inscription (KAI 310) and the Political Relations between Aram-Damascus and Israel in the First Half of the First Millennium BCE". Dalam Grabbe, Lester L. Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty. T&T Clarck. ISBN 978-0-567-04540-9.
Ladynin, Ivan A.; Nemirovski, Alexander A. (2010). "Year 12 of Akhenaten in the Context of the Near Eastern Political and Military History". Cultural Heritage of Egypt and Christian Orient. Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. 5. ISBN 978-5-892-82430-9.
Lauinger, Jacob (2015). Following the Man of Yamhad: Settlement and Territory at Old Babylonian Alalah. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. 75. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29289-5.
Læssøe, Jørgen (1963). People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondencee. Diterjemahkan oleh Leigh-Browne, Frederick Sebastian. Routledge & Kegan Paul. OCLC 473972582.
Luciani, Marta (2006). "Ivory at Qatna". Dalam Czerny, Ernst; Hein, Ermgard; Hunger, Hermann; Melman, Dagmar; Schwab, Angela. Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak. Volume III. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. 149. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven. ISSN 0777-978X.
Magli, Giulio (2013). Architecture, Astronomy and Sacred Landscape in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03208-8.
Magnetti, Donald L. (1978). "The Function of the Oath in the Ancient Near Eastern International Treaty". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 72 (4). ISSN 0002-9300.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2005a). "The Royal Palace of Qatna". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; al-Maqdissi, Michel. The Metropolis of the Orontes Art and Archaeology from the Ancient Kingdom of Qatna. Seven Years of Syrian-Italian Collaboration at Mishrifeh/Qatna. Salhani Printing Establishment. OCLC 496581031.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2005b). "The History of Mishrifeh". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; al-Maqdissi, Michel. The Metropolis of the Orontes Art and Archaeology from the Ancient Kingdom of Qatna. Seven Years of Syrian-Italian Collaboration at Mishrifeh/Qatna. Salhani Printing Establishment. OCLC 496581031.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2005c). "The Ancient Lake of Mishrifeh". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; al-Maqdissi, Michel. The Metropolis of the Orontes Art and Archaeology from the Ancient Kingdom of Qatna. Seven Years of Syrian-Italian Collaboration at Mishrifeh/Qatna. Salhani Printing Establishment. OCLC 496581031.
Morandi-Bonacossi, Daniele (2007). "The Chronology of the Royal Palace of Qatna Revisited: A Reply to a Paper by Mirko Novák, Egypt and the Levant 14, 2004". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 17. ISSN 1015-5104.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2007). "Qatna and its Hinterland during the Bronze and Iron Ages. A Preliminary Reconstruction of Urbanism and Settlement in the Mishrifeh Region". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna. 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.
Morandi-Bonacossi., Daniele (2008). "The Acropolis of Tell Mishrifeh During the Second and First Millennia BC. Preliminary Results of the Work of the Italian Component of the Syrian-Italian-German Project at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna". Dalam Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin. 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05757-8.
Morandi-Bonacossi, Daniele (2008). "Italian Archaeological Research at Qatna". Dalam Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-295-4.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2008). "Excavations on the Acropolis of Mishrifeh, Operation J: A New Early Bronze Age III-Iron Age III Sequence for Central Inner Syria Part 1: Stratigraphy, Chronology and Architecture". Akkadica. Assyriological Center Georges Dossin. 129 (1). ISSN 1378-5087.
Morandi-Bonacossi, Daniele (2009). "Continuity and Change in the Town Planning and Material Culture of Iron Age II and III Mishrifeh, Central Syria". Syria. Archéologie, Art et Histoire. l'Institut Français du Proche-Orient. 86. ISSN 0039-7946.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; Da Ros, Monica; Garna, Giancarlo; Iamoni, Marco; Merlino, Matteo (2009). "The "Eastern Palace" and the Residential Architecture of Area T at Mishrifeh/Qatna. Preliminary Report on the 2006–2008 Excavation Campaigns of the Italian Component of the Syro-Italian Archaeological Project". Mesopotamia. Rivista di Archeologia, Epigrafia e Storia Orientale Antica. Le Lettere. 44. ISSN 0076-6615.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2009). Parr, Peter J., ed. "Tell Mishrifeh and its Region During The EBA IV and the EBA-MBA Transition. A First Assessment". PEF Annual. The Palestine Exploration Fund. IX: The Levant in Transition. ISBN 978-1-90435-099-6.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2011). "The Middle Bronze Age Necropolis at Mishrifeh". Dalam Pfälzner, Peter; al-Maqdissi, Michel. Interdisziplinäre Studien zur Königsgruft in Qatna. Qaṭna Studien. Forschungsergebnisse und Vergleichende Untersuchungen des Deutsch-Syrischen Archäologischen Projektsauf dem Tall Mišrife. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06541-2.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2012). "Ritual Offering and Termination Rituals in a Middle Bronze Age Sacred Area in Qatna's Upper Town". Dalam Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; Pappi, Cinzia; Ponchia, Simonetta. Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Leipziger Altorientalistische Studien. 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06659-4. ISSN 2193-4436.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2013). Yener, K. Aslihan, ed. The Crisis of Qatna at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age II and the Iron Age II Settlement Revival. A Regional Trajectory towards the Collapse of the Late Bronze Age Palace System in the Northern Levant. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement Series. 42: Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31 – June 1, 2010. Peeters. ISBN 978-9-042-92715-5.
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele (2014). "Some Considerations on the Urban Layout of Second Millennium BC Qatna". Dalam Baffi, Francesca; Fiorentino, Roberto; Peyronel, Luca. Tell Tuqan Excavations and Regional Perspectives. Cultural Developments in Inner Syria from the Early Bronze Age to the Persian/Hellenistic Period. Proceedings of the International Conference May 15th–17th 2013 – Lecce. Congedo Editore. ISBN 978-8-867-66103-9.
Novák, Mirko (2004). "The Chronology of the Royal Palace of Qatna". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 14. ISSN 1015-5104.
Oldenburg, Ulf (1969). The Conflict between El and Ba'al in Canaanite Religion. Dissertationes ad Historiam Religionum Pertinentes. 3. Brill. ISSN 0419-4233. OCLC 63449.
Oliva, Juan (2014). Abouzayd, Shafiq, ed. "On Syrian Inner Chronology at the end of the Amorite Period". ARAM Periodical. Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. Peeters Publishers. 26 (1&2). ISBN 978-1-326-71743-8. ISSN 0959-4213.
Oren, Eliezer D. (1973). The Northern Cemetery of Beth Shan. Museum Monograph of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-03673-4.
Otto, Adelheid (2000) [1999]. Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Klassisch-Syrischen Glyptik. Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (dalam bahasa Jerman). 8. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-110-16359-9. ISSN 0502-7012.
Pappi, Cinzia (2007). "The Religious Landscape of Qatna during the Mari Period". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna. 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.
Pettinato, Giovanni (1991). Ebla, a new look at history. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4150-7.
Pfälzner, Peter (2007). "Archaeological Investigations in the Royal Palace of Qatna". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna. 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.
Pfälzner, Peter (2008). "The Royal Palace at Qatna: Power and Prestige in the Late Bronze Age". Dalam Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-295-4.
Pfälzner, Peter; von Rüden, Constance (2008). "Between the Aegean and Syria: the Wall Paintings from the Royal Palace of Qatna". Dalam Bonatz, Dominik; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha. Fundstellen: Gesammelte Schriften zur Ärchäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens; ad Honorem Hartmut Kühne. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05770-7.
Pfälzner, Peter (2011). "Die Königsgruft von Qaṭna als architektonisches Ensemble". Dalam Pfälzner, Peter; al-Maqdissi, Michel. Interdisziplinäre Studien zur Königsgruft in Qatna. Qaṭna Studien. Forschungsergebnisse und Vergleichende Untersuchungen des Deutsch-Syrischen Archäologischen Projektsauf dem Tall Mišrife (dalam bahasa Jerman). 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06541-2.
Pfälzner, Peter (2012). "Levantine Kingdoms of the Late Bronze Age". Dalam Potts, Daniel T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 1. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-6077-6.
Pfälzner., Peter (2012). Pfälzner, Peter; Niehr, Herbert; Pernicka, Ernst; Wissing, Anne, ed. "How Did They Bury the Kings of Qatna?". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1: (Re-)Constructing Funerary Ritualsin the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Tübingen Post-Graduate School "Symbols of the Dead" in May 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-06820-8. ISSN 2195-4305.
Pfälzner, Peter (2013). "The Elephant Hunters of Bronze Age Syria". Dalam Aruz, Joan; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena. Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-475-0.
Pfälzner, Peter (2014). Pfälzner, Peter; Niehr, Herbert; Pernicka, Ernst; Lange, Sarah; Köster, Tina, ed. "Royal Funerary Practices and Inter-regional Contacts in the Middle Bronze Age Levant: New Evidence from Qaṭna". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 3: Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of a Workshop at the London 7th ICAANE in April 2010 and an International Symposium in Tübingen in November 2010, both Organised by the Tübingen Post-Graduate School „Symbols of the Dead". ISBN 978-3-447-10237-7. ISSN 2195-4305.
Pfälzner., Peter (2015). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "The Art of Qatna and the Question of the 'International Style'". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Pfälzner, Peter (2015). "A House of Kings and Gods - Ritual Places in Syrian Palaces". BAAL: Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises. Beyrouth: Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités. Hors-Série X: Cult and ritual on the Levantine coast and its impact on the eastern Mediterranean realm: proceedings of the International Symposium, Beirut 2012. ISSN 1683-0083.
Pitard, Wayne T. (2001) [1998]. "Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World (edisi ke-revised). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
Podany, Amanda H. (2010). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979875-9.
Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2010). "From Group–Writing to Word Association. Representation and Integration of Foreign Words in Egyptian Script". Dalam de Voogt, Alexander J.; Finkel, Irving L. The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17446-7.
Redford, Donald B. (2003). The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III. Culture and History of the Ancient near East Series. 16. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-12989-4. ISSN 1566-2055.
Richter, Thomas (2002). "Der "Einjährige Feldzug" Suppiluliumas I. von Hatti in Syrien nach Textfunden des Jahres 2002 in Misrife/Qatna". Ugarit-Forschungen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Ugarit-Verlag. 34. ISBN 978-3-934-62833-5.
Richter, Thomas (2005). "Qatna in the Late Bronze Age: Preliminary Remarks". Dalam Owen, David I.; Wilhelm, Gernot. General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/1. Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians. 15. CDL Press. ISBN 978-1-883-05389-5. ISSN 1080-9686.
Richter, Thomas (2007). "Topographical Names in Late Bronze Age Texts Unearthed in Mišrife/Qatna". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna. 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.
Roßberger, Elisa (2014). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Things to Remember – Jewellery, Collective Identity and Memory at the Royal Tomb of Qaṭna". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Harrassowitz Verlag. 3: Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of a Workshop at the London 7th ICAANE in April 2010 and an International Symposium in Tübingen in November 2010, both Organised by the Tübingen Post-Graduate School „Symbols of the Dead". ISBN 978-3-447-10237-7. ISSN 2195-4305.
Sasson, Jack M. (2010). "On the "Išhi-Addu" Seal from Qatna with Comments on Qatna Personnel in the OB Period". Dalam Dönmez, Şevket. Veysel Donbaz'a Sunulan Yazılar. DUB.SAR É.DUB.BA.A (Studies presented in honour of Veysel Donbaz). Ege Publications. ISBN 978-6-055-60718-0.
Schneider, Thomas (2002). "Sinuhes Notiz über die Könige. Syrisch-Anatolische Herrschertitel in Ägyptischer Überlieferung". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant (dalam bahasa Jerman). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 12. ISSN 1015-5104.
Silver, Minna A (2014). Abouzayd, Shafiq, ed. "Equid Burials in Archaeological Contexts in the Amorite, Hurrian and Hyksos Cultural Intercourse". ARAM Periodical. Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. Peeters Publishers. 26 (1&2). ISBN 978-1-326-71743-8. ISSN 0959-4213.
Spalinger, Anthony J. (2005). War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-77750-3.
Streck, Michael P. (2011). "Babylonian and Assyrian". Dalam Weninger, Stefan; Khan, Geoffrey; Streck, Michael P.; Watson, Janet C. E. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. 36. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-110-25158-6. ISSN 1861-5090.
Turri, Luigi (2015). "The Ponderal Systems of Qatna". Dalam Archi, Alfonso; Bramanti, Armando. Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 57th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Rome, 4–8 July 2011. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale – RAI. 57. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-313-3.
Unger, Merrill F. (2014) [1957]. Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-625-64606-4.
Van Koppen, Frans (2007). "Syrian Trade Routes of the Mari Age and MB II Hazor". Dalam Bietak, Manfred; Czerny, Ernst. The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28th of May – 1st of June 2003. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean. 9. Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-700-13527-2.
Van Koppen, Frans (2015). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Qaṭna in altsyrischer Zeit". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen (dalam bahasa Jerman). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Wilhelm, Gernot (2012). "Šuppiluliuma I. und die Chronologie der Amarna-Zeit". Dalam Hachmann, Rolf. Kāmid el-Lōz: Die Keilschriftbriefe und der Horizont von el-Amarna. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde. 87. Habelt. ISBN 978-3-774-93746-8.
Wilhelm, Gernot (2015). Pfälzner, Peter, ed. "Suppiluliuma and the Decline of the Mittanian Kingdom". Qaṭna Studien Supplementa: Übergreifende und vergleichende Forschungsaktivitäten des Qaṭna-Projekts der Universität Tübingen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2: Qaṭna and the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism. Proceedings of an International Conference in Stuttgart and Tübingen in October 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-10350-3. ISSN 2195-4305.
Ziegler, Nele (2007). "Les Données des Archives Royales de Mari. Sur le Milieu Baturel et l'Occupation Humaine en Syrie Centrale". Dalam Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine9-11 December 2004). Studi archeologici su Qatna (dalam bahasa Prancis). 1. Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese. ISBN 978-88-8420-418-9.