Avianca Penerbangan 052
Avianca Penerbangan 052 adalah sebuah penerbangan yang dijadwalkan secara reguler dari Bogotá ke New York , melalui Medellín yang mengalami kecelakaan pada 25 Januari 1990, pada pukul 21:34 (UTC−05:00 ). Boeing 707 yang terbang dengan rute ini berjalan dengan bahan bakar yang tidak cukup ke Bandar Udara Internasional John F. Kennedy (JFK), yang mengakibatkan pesawat tersebut jatuh ke sisi bukit di desa kecil Cove Neck, New York , di pesisir utara Long Island . Delapan dari sembilan kru dan 65 dari 149 penumpang di dalam pesawat tewas. Badan Keselamatan Transportasi Nasional (NTSB) menyatakan bahwa kecelkaan tersebut disebabkan karena kru penerbangan gagal untuk memberitahukan darurat bahan bakal, yang mengakibatkan kontrol lalu lintas udara menanggapi situasi tersebut secara tidak serius.
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Referensi
NTSB Aircraft Accident Report AAR-91-04 (PDF) . National Transportation Safety Board . 30 April 1991. Diakses tanggal 23 February 2015 . Phillips, Don (27 January 1990). "Colombian Airliner May Have Run Out of Fuel". The Washington Post Weiner, Eric (28 January 1990a). "THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 52; Pilots Say Fuel Gauges on 707's Often Provide Inaccurate Readings" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 25 February 2015 . Malnic, Eric (22 June 1990). "Avianca Pilot Disputes Need to Use Specific Emergency Terms" . Los Angeles Times . Diakses tanggal 25 February 2015 . Order JO 7110.65V Federal Aviation Administration . 3 April 2014. ch.4, sec. 6, subsec. 1 "Clearance to Holding Fix", line "c". Winerip, Michael (27 January 1990). "THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 52; No Warning From Cockpit, Survivors From Flight 52 Say" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 2 March 2015 . McFadden, Robert (27 January 1990). "THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 52; Toll at 72 in L.I. Air Crash; 89 Survive" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 2 March 2015 . Saslow, Linda (7 October 1990c). "Avianca Crash Leaves Questions on Response" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 2 March 2015 . Schmitt, Eric (27 January 1990a). "THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 52; Fog on a Narrow Road: Rescue Was an Ordeal" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 2 March 2015 . Milton, Pat (31 January 1990). "Avianca Pilot Mourned While Investigators Leave NY" . Associated Press . Diakses tanggal 3 March 2015 . Schmitt, Eric (12 February 1990b). "Faulty Communication Hindered Flight 52 Rescue, a Report Says" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 3 March 2015 . Saslow, Linda (4 February 1990a). "At the Crash Scene, Disbelief, Disarray, Then Cooperation" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 3 March 2015 . "THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 52; Partial List of Those Who Died" . The New York Times . 28 January 1990. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2015 . Navarro, Mireya (25 June 1990). "For Some, No Escape From L.I. Jet Crash" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 3 March 2015 . "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations" . Title 49, Subtitle B, Chapter VIII, Part 830.2: Definitions: United States Federal Government . Diakses tanggal 4 March 2015 . McQuiston, John (26 January 1990). "Plane Crashes on L.I. With 149 Aboard; At Least 9 Killed on a Boeing 707 From Colombia" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 4 March 2015 . Saslow, Linda (6 May 1990b). "Survivors Of Crash Fight To Regain Normal Lives" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 4 March 2015 . "Passenger in Avianca Crash Indicted on Drug Charge" . Associated Press. 8 March 1990. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2015 . "Avianca Drug Courier Sentenced" . Associated Press. 4 April 1991. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2015 . DeParle, Jason (26 February 1990). "Caravan of Cars Enters Kennedy To Protest Crash" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . Cushman, John (21 June 1990). "F.A.A. Sued as Jetliner Crash Inquiry Start" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . Lubasch, Arnold (28 July 1990). "Avianca Offers Crash Survivors $75,000 Apiece" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . Weiner, Eric (2 August 1990b). "Fuel Emergency Is Declared For Avianca Jet" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . Weiner, Eric (4 August 1990c). "Fuel Emergency For Avianca Jet Said Premature" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . Lueck, Thomas (17 November 1992). "U.S. Joins Airline in Plan for Settlement in 1990 Crash" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . Feeny, Michael (24 January 2010). "Survivors, first responders reunite 20 years after deadly crash of Avianca Flight 52 on Long Island" . New York Daily News . Diakses tanggal 8 March 2015 . "Location Identifiers - U" . Federal Aviation Administration. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2015 . "Location Identifiers - A" . Federal Aviation Administration. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2015 . "Location Identifiers - B" . Federal Aviation Administration. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2015 . "Location Identifiers - C" . Federal Aviation Administration. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2015 . "IFR Enroute Aeronautical Charts and Planning" . High Altitude Conterminous U.S. Chart H-9: Federal Aviation Administration. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2015 . "IFR Enroute Aeronautical Charts and Planning" . High Altitude Conterminous U.S. Chart H-12: Federal Aviation Administration. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2015 . "Human Error". Why Planes Crash . 2010. MSNBC . "Missing Over New York". Mayday Emmerich, Roland (2004). The Day After Tomorrow Robert A Sturgell v. John J. Glennon and Keith M. Shewbart [1] (15 Oktober 2008). “Block fuel, the Administrator contends, is a term that describes the combination of taxi fuel, trip burn fuel, reserve fuel, planned contingency fuel, and unplanned contingency fuel.”Kakutani, Michiko (17 November 2008). "It's True: Success Succeeds, and Advantages Can Help" . The New York Times . Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2015 .
Umum Militer Kecelakaan/Insiden Rekor
