二叠纪

二叠纪
298.9–251.902百万年前

晚二叠世:2.6亿年前的地球

全時期平均大氣O
2
含量
约23 Vol %[1]
(为現代的115% )
全時期平均大氣CO
2
含量
约900 ppm[2]
(为前工業時期3倍)
全時期平均地表溫度 约16℃[3]
(高於現代2℃)
海平面(高於現代) 在二疊紀早期相對穩定於是60米(200英尺),在中期下降,末期穩定於−20米(−66英尺)[4]
二叠纪主要分界
-300 —
-295 —
-290 —
-285 —
-280 —
-275 —
-270 —
-265 —
-260 —
-255 —
-250 —
二叠纪时间表
直轴:百万年前

二叠纪(英語:Permian,符號P)是显生宙古生代的第六个,也是古生代最后一个地质时代。二叠纪上承石炭纪、下启中生代三叠纪,始于2.99亿年前的石炭纪雨林崩溃事件,终于2.51亿年前因西伯利亚暗色岩超级火山喷发引起的二叠纪—三叠纪灭绝事件。定义二叠纪的岩层是比较分明的,但开始、结束的精确年代却有争议,其不精确度可达数百万年。以往二叠纪分为早二叠纪和晚二叠纪两,而目前学术界则对二叠纪使用三分法,分别是烏拉爾世(Cisuralian)、瓜德魯普世(Guadalupian)和樂平世(Lopingian)。

二叠纪的英文名称“Permian”是由英国地质学家莫企逊(Roderick Impey Murchison,1792~1871)于1841年提出[5],取名源自俄罗斯中世纪时期位于上卡马高地彼尔姆公国(现彼尔姆边疆区)。中文译名“二叠纪”的来源一說是在德國的同年代地層的上層是灰岩,下層是紅色砂岩之故[6];一说是源自法裔美籍地质学家朱尔斯·马可(Jules Marcou,1824~1898)在1853至1867年间针对北美密西西比河科罗拉多河之间一大片地区的二叠纪地层而提出的术语用词“Dyassic”,但个提议在1871年被莫企逊驳斥[7]

生物

二叠纪时期的代表生物化石

植物

早期的植物以真蕨种子蕨为主。晚期有较大变化,鳞木类、芦木类、柯达树等趋于衰微、灭绝,代之以较耐寒耐旱的种子蕨裸子植物,尤其是松柏类大为增加。苏铁类银杏类的早期种类在这时期出现。植物已经出现了地理区系的分化[8]

另外在彼尔姆-昆古尔地区化石群发现了一类全新的植物化石,在二叠纪结束时灭绝,该化石种类具有类似花朵型态和种子带翅的特征,但幼苗形态更类似于针叶树[9]

动物

海洋

软骨鱼类继续繁盛;腕足类继续繁盛,長身貝类英语Productida占优势;䗴类海百合软体动物也是重要部分,菊石类有明显分异;四射珊瑚横板珊瑚繁盛;苔藓虫逐渐衰退;三叶虫趋于灭绝。

陆地

  1. 盘龙目(二叠纪早期)、兽孔目(二叠纪中晚期)等合弓纲动物具有陆地的统治地位。
  2. 中龙目始鳄目空尾蜥兰炭鳄蜥形纲动物开始尝试向天空和水域发展。

灭绝事件

峨嵋山暗色岩事件期间的地球,黑色五角星表示主龍形下綱的化石分布

二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件是有史以来最大的灭绝事件,其导致当中96%的海洋生物消失,其詳細原因目前尚不明確,推測可能是因為西伯利亞火山噴發,導致海洋中的pH.值改變。

地理

二叠纪至三叠纪期间的重要代表化石分布,被視為是大陸漂移的證據:
  犬颌兽属Cynognathus
  中龍屬Mesosaurus
  水龍獸屬Lystrosaurus
  舌羊齿属Glossopteris
  • 二叠纪早期寒冷、冰川广布;晚期海退、干旱。南美非洲南部、印度半岛巴基斯坦盐岭、澳大利亚南极洲中国西藏南部等地有冰碛岩、冰水沉积。
  • 早期火山活动广泛,晚期趋于沉寂。北美的阿巴拉契亚运动,是二叠纪末强烈的构造运动。西部的科迪勒拉碰撞带在连续地壳运动中,伴有强烈的火山活动。乌拉尔残余地槽在晚二叠世褶皱隆起,欧亚陆域融为一体。中亚和中国北部、西南部的板块碰撞带于二叠纪经历了一段褶皱、变质、火山活动,包括花岗岩侵入及中、酸性熔岩凝灰岩的喷出。
  • 古特提斯洋,存在于北纬30°~40°,自地中海西部达印度尼西亚;南支沿澳大利亚西海岸到南纬30°;东北支与覆盖中国的陆表海相连,与日本离散小板块相通,向北与乌拉尔残余海相通。二叠紀晚期時冈瓦纳大陆的北缘出现一道裂谷,古特提斯洋的南边开始出现新的海洋,名为特提斯洋

參考資料

  1. ^ http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/funmorph/raoul/fylsyst/Berner2006.pdf
  2. ^ Image:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png
  3. ^ Image:All palaeotemps.png
  4. ^ Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR. A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes. Science. 2008, 322 (5898): 64–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. PMID 18832639. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. 
  5. ^ 辞海编纂委员会. 《辞海》(1999年版) (M) 1. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2000. ISBN 7-5326-0630-9. 
  6. ^ 台灣海洋生態資訊學習網 二疊紀. [2013-05-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-09). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ Henderson, C.M.; Davydov and, V.I.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Gradstein, F.M.; Hammer, O., The Permian Period, The Geologic Time Scale (Elsevier), 2012: 653–679 [2021-03-17], ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00024-x, (原始内容存档于2022-01-23) (英语) 
  8. ^ 何琦,王军,探寻远古生命的足迹──国际石炭-二叠系地质大会山西、内蒙古野外地质考察纪实[J]. 生物进化,2007(4)
  9. ^ Michael Wachtler, Early Permian Origin and Evolution of Angiosperms: The Flowering of Angara-Land
  10. ^ KRASSILOV, VALENTIN A.; RASNITSYN, ALEXANDER P. Pollen in the guts of Permian insects: first evidence of pollinivory and its evolutionary significance. Lethaia. 1996-12, 29 (4): 369–372. ISSN 0024-1164. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01672.x. 
  11. ^ Garrouste, Romain; Hugel, Sylvain; Jacquelin, Lauriane; Rostan, Pierre; Steyer, J.-Sébastien; Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure; Nel, André. Insect mimicry of plants dates back to the Permian. Nature Communications. 2016-12, 7 (1): 13735 [2020-02-24]. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5187432可免费查阅. PMID 27996977. doi:10.1038/ncomms13735. (原始内容存档于2020-11-08) (英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  12. ^ Feng, Zhuo; Wang, Jun; Rößler, Ronny; Ślipiński, Adam; Labandeira, Conrad. Late Permian wood-borings reveal an intricate network of ecological relationships. Nature Communications. 2017-12, 8 (1): 556 [2020-02-24]. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5601472可免费查阅. PMID 28916787. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00696-0. (原始内容存档于2020-07-24) (英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

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