在人体中(与其他哺乳动物和大多数脊索动物相似),超氧化物歧化酶也含有三类:SOD1定位于细胞质中;SOD2位于线粒体;SOD3则位于细胞外。SOD1为二聚体,而其他两类则为四聚体。SOD1和SOD3的活性位点含有铜和锌,而SOD2则含有锰。它们的基因分别定位于21号、6号和4号染色体(21q22.1, 6q25.3 and 4p15.3-p15.1)。
生物化学性质
超氧化物歧化酶能够清除超氧化物,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。超氧化物与非自由基的反应是自旋禁阻的。在生物学系统中,这就意味着它主要是与自身(歧化)或另一个生物学自由基(如一氧化氮)反应。超氧化物阴离子自由基(O2−)能够较快地(在pH=7时,反应速度为~105 M−1 s−1)歧化为O2和过氧化氢(H2O2)。但超氧化物能够与特定的分子(如NO自由基)以更快的速度反应,生成过氧亚硝酸根离子(O=N-O-O−),因此超氧化物歧化酶的催化作用就显得尤为重要。而且,超氧化物的歧化反应与其初始浓度的平方相关,因此虽然高浓度的超氧化物半衰期很短(比如0.1mM浓度下为0.05秒),但低浓度的超氧化物的半衰期相当长(0.1nM浓度下可达14小时)。相比较而言,超氧化物歧化酶催化的歧化反应对于超氧化物初始浓度只是一级反应,并且在所有已知酶中具有最快的转换数(与底物反应速率)(~7 x 109 M−1 s−1)[9],因此反应速率的限制只是在于酶和超氧化物分子间的碰撞频率,即反应速率是“扩散限制性”的。
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