胡椒属

胡椒属
P. magnificum
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	木兰类植物 Magnoliids
目：	胡椒目 Piperales
科：	胡椒科 Piperaceae
属：	胡椒属 Piper L., 1754
种
1000–2000
異名
Anderssoniopiper Trel. Arctottonia Trel. Artanthe Miq. Chavica Miq. Discipiper Trel. & Stehlé Lepianthes Raf. Lindeniopiper Trel. Macropiper Miq. Ottonia Spreng. Pleiostachyopiper Trel. Pleistachyopiper Trel. Pothomorphe Miq. Trianaeopiper Trel.

胡椒属植物在经济和生态方面都很重要，包括大约有1,000-2,000余种，有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小乔木，胡椒科植物既不属于双子叶植物也不属于单子叶植物，和三白草科亲源关系较近，在胡椒科内，胡椒属和草胡椒属的亲源关系较近。

胡椒属植物分布在世界各地的热带地区，多数品种生长在热带雨林中，也有少数品种可以生长在比较开阔地带或亚热带地区。

部分胡椒属藤本品种在温暖地区可以作为园艺品种，但胡椒属的主要用途还是作为香料和蔬菜，人类最早在大约9,000年前就已经知道应用胡椒作为食品香料，主要用黑胡椒（Piper nigrum），此外像墨西哥叶胡椒（Piper auritum）、荜澄茄（Piper cubeba）、长胡椒（Piper longum）、西非胡椒（Piper guineen）也常被应用。越南的罗洛胡椒（Piper lolot）以及东南亚的假蒟（Piper sarmentosum）叶子都是当地的蔬菜。胡椒属许多品种还被许多地方作为当地的草药使用。

黑胡椒种子，从左到右:
绿色盐渍的熟种子
白色干燥的熟种子
黑色干燥的未熟种子

长果胡椒

Piper grandifolium

长胡椒 (Piper longum)

黑胡椒 (Piper nigrum)

假荜拔

主要品种

胡椒属植物在美洲有约700种，在东南亚有300余种，在南太平洋有40多种，在非洲有约15种。[1]

• 蘭嶼風藤 Piper arborescens
• Piper achupallasense
• Piper aduncum
• Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
• Piper alwynii M. A. Jaram., 2023[2]
• Piper amalgo
• Piper angamarcanum
• 兰屿胡椒 Piper arborescens Roxb.
• 西藏胡椒 Piper arunachalense Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar
• 卵叶胡椒 Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.
• 墨西哥胡椒叶 Piper auritum
• 华南胡椒 Piper austrosinense Y. C. Tseng
• Piper azuaiense
• Piper baezanum
• Piper baezense
• Piper begoniiforme
• 蒌叶 Piper betle L.
• 苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium (Miq.) C. DC.
  • 光轴苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense C. DC.
• 复毛胡椒 Piper bonii C. DC.
  • 大叶复毛胡椒 Piper bonii var. macrophyllum Y. C. Tseng
• Piper borneense
• Piper brachipilum
• Piper brachystylum
• Piper bullatifolium
• Piper caldense C.DC.
• Piper callejasii W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram.[3]
• Piper campii
• Piper caninum , SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
• Piper candollei
• 华山蒌 Piper cathayanum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
• Piper cenocladum – "ant piper"
• 长果胡椒 Piper chaba
• 勐海胡椒 Piper chaudocanum C. DC.
• Piper chimborazoense
• Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
• 中华胡椒 Piper chinense Miq.
• Piper clathratum
• Piper claussenianum
• Piper coeloneurum
• Piper cordulatum
• 荜澄茄 Piper cubeba
• Piper cutucuense
• 大苗山胡椒 Piper damiaoshanense Y. C. Tseng
• Piper darienense – duermeboca (巴拿马), kana (Kuna)
• Piper decurrens
• Piper densiciliatum
• Piper diffundum
• Piper disparipilum
• Piper distigmatum
• Piper dodsonii
• Piper entradense
• Piper eriocladum
• Piper eustylum
• Piper fallenii
• 琉球胡椒 Piper ferriei C. DC.
• Piper fimbriulatum
• 黄花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
• Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
• Piper glabratum Kunth
• Piper grandifolium
• Piper gualeanum
• Piper guayasanum
• 西非胡椒 Piper guineense
• 海南蒟 Piper hainanense Hemsl.
• 山蒟 Piper hancei Maxim.
• 哈曼氏胡椒 Piper harmandii C. DC.
• Piper hillianum C.DC.
• Piper hispidinervum
• 河池胡椒 Piper hochiense Y. C. Tseng
• Piper huigranum
• Piper hydrolapathum
• Piper hylebates
• Piper hylophilum
• Piper imperiale
• 沉果胡椒 Piper infossum Y. Q. Tseng
• 疏果胡椒 Piper interruptum Opiz
• 尖峰岭胡椒 Piper jianfenglingense C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan[4]
• 风藤 Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi
• 恆春風藤 Piper kawakamii Hayata
• Piper kerrii Suwanph. and Y.Banchong, 2023[5]
• Piper kurzii Ridl.[5]
• 绿岛胡椒 Piper kwashoense Hayata
• 大叶蒟 Piper laetispicum C. DC.[5]
• Piper lanatum Roxb.[5]
• Piper laevigatum Kunth, 1815
• Piper leptostachyum Wall. ex Miq.[5]
• Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
• Piper lineatipilosum Yunck., 1959
• 陵水胡椒 Piper lingshuiense Y. C. Tseng
• 罗洛胡椒 Piper lolot C.DC., 1898
• Piper lonchites Roem. & Schult.[5]
• Piper longicaudatum
• 蓽拔 Piper longum L.，长胡椒
• Piper lucigaudens
• Piper macrophyllum
• 粗梗胡椒 Piper macropodum C. DC.
• 麻根 Piper magen B. Q. Cheng ex C. L. Long & Jun Yang[6]
• Piper magnificum – Lacquered Pepper
• Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
• Piper manabinum
• Piper marginatum
• Piper mekongense
• Piper mendezense
• Piper mestonii
• Piper metallicum Hallier f., 1896
• 卡瓦胡椒 Piper methysticum Roxb.，为Piper majusculum Blume的异名
• Piper mexiae (Trel.) Trel. & Yunck., 1950
• 柄果胡椒 Piper mischocarpum Y. C. Tseng
• Piper molliusculum Sodiro, 1900
• 墨脱胡椒 Piper motuoense X.W.Qin, F.Su & C.Y.Hao, 2024[7]
• 短蒟 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
• 变叶胡椒 Piper mutabile C. DC.
• Piper nanegalense
• Piper napo-pastazanum
• Piper nebuligaudens
• 黑胡椒 Piper nigrum L.，胡椒
• Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine - 澳大利亚
• 裸果胡椒 Piper nudibaccatum Y. Q. Tseng
• 彩脉胡椒 Piper ornatum N.E.Br., 1884
• Piper pachyphyllum – Mahalatsaka
• 角果胡椒 Piper pedicellatum C. DC.
• Piper peepuloides Roxb.[5]
• Piper peltatum L., 1753
• Piper permucronatum Yunck.
• Piper perstrigosum Yunck., 1955
• Piper phangngaense Suwanph. and Hodk., 2023[5]
• 台东胡椒 Piper philippinum Miq.
• 屏边胡椒 Piper pingbienense Y. C. Tseng
• Piper platylobum
• 线梗胡椒 Piper pleiocarpum C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
• 樟叶胡椒 Piper polysyphonum C. DC.
• 肉轴胡椒 Piper ponesheense C. DC.
• Piper porphyrophyllum
• Piper poscitum
• Piper prietoi
• Piper productispicum
• Piper pseudonigrum
• Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
• 毛叶胡椒 Piper puberulilimbum C. DC.
• 岩椒 Piper pubicatulum C. DC.
• Piper puyoense
• Piper quinchasense M. A. Jaram.[8]
• Piper regale
• 假荜拔 Piper retrofractum Vahl
• Piper richardiifolium Kunth
• Piper rugocarpum Y.Banchong and Suwanph., 2023[5]
• Piper rostratum Roxb.[5]
• Piper rubronodosum
• Piper rubrovenosum
• 红果胡椒 Piper rubrum C. DC.
• 西贡胡椒 Piper saigonense
• Piper saloyanum
• Piper san-miguelense
• 假蒟 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
• 斜叶蒟 Piper senporeiense Yamam.
• Piper schuppii
• 塞舌尔胡椒 Piper seychellarum
• Piper skutchii
• Piper smitinandianum Suwanph. & Chantar. [5]
• Piper sodiroi
• 短柄胡椒 Piper stipitiforme C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
• Piper stipulosum
• Piper subaduncum
• 多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve C. DC.
  • 狭叶多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve var. nandanicum Y. C. Tseng
• Piper subnitidifolium
• 缘毛胡椒 Piper semiimmersum C. DC.
• 半透明胡椒 Piper semi-transparens C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan[9]
• 滇西胡椒 Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
• Piper supernum
• 银叶胡椒 Piper sylvaticum Roxb., 长柄胡椒
• 台湾胡椒 Piper taiwanense T. T. Lin & S. Y. Lu
• Piper tectonifolium Kunth
• 球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii (C. DC.) Hook. f.
  • 小叶球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii var. microphyllum Y. C. Tseng
• Piper trachyphyllum
• Piper translucens Yunck.
• Piper triandrum F.Muell.
• 三色胡椒 Piper tricolor Y. C. Tseng
• Piper trioicum
• Piper truman-yunckeri
• Piper truncatum Vell.
• 瑞丽胡椒 Piper tsengianum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
• 粗穗胡椒 Piper tsangyuanense P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
• 大胡椒 Piper umbellatum L.
• Piper unguiculatum
• Piper valladolidense
• Piper verrucosum
• 石南藤 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.
• Piper warakahoura
• Piper wibomii
• Piper wightii
• 盈江胡椒 Piper yinkiangense Y. C. Tseng
• 蒟子 Piper yunnanense Y. C. Tseng
• Piper zarumanum

注释

1. Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae), American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, （原始内容存档于2010-06-30） 
2. M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862
3. William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659
4. Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9
5. Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08 引用错误：带有name属性“Suwanphakdee”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
6. 麻根——珍稀民族香料植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）. 
7. Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494
8. M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405
9. Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1

外部链接

• 图片和描述等 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 《中国植物》中的胡椒科 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 《北美洲植物》中的胡椒科 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• NCBI分类中的胡椒科 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 泰国胡椒品种 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参考文献

• Dyer, L.A. & Palmer, A.N. (2004): Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. ISBN 0-306-48498-6
• Ecocyber (2008): Tropical Root Crops. Retrieved 2008-JUL-15.
• Gorman, Chester F. (1969): Hoabinhian: A pebble tool complex with early plant associations in Southeast Asia. Science 163(3868): 671-673. doi:10.1126/science.163.3868.671 (HTML abstract)
• Gorman, Chester F. (1971): The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods. World Archaeology 2(3): 300-320. HTML abstract and first page image
• International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. IUCN, Gland.
• Lim, S.T.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Bittenbender, H.C.; Efird, J.T. & Nerurkar P.V. (2007): Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats. Toxicological Science 97(1): 214-221. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 PMID 17329236 PDF fulltext
• Parkinson, John (1640): Theatrum Botanicum: the Theater of Plants, etc. T. Cotes, London.
• Solomon, Charmaine (1998): Cha Plu. In: Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions. HTML fulltext （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Sorrentin, L.; Capasso, A. & Schmidt, M. (2006): Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine 13(8): 542-549. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006 PMID 16904878 (HTML abstract)