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红头潜鸭
	雄鸟，摄于俄罗斯莫斯科
保护状况
	; 易危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	雁形目 Anseriformes
科：	鴨科 Anatidae
属：	潛鴨屬 Aythya
种：	红头潜鸭 A. ferina
二名法
	Aythya ferina; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Range of A. ferina 繁殖區留鳥非繁殖區
異名
	Anas ferina Linnaeus, 1758

红头潜鸭（学名：Aythya ferina），又名矶凫、矶雁，为潜鸭属鸟类，雄鸟有枣红色头部与黑色的前胸和臀部，而雌鸟则大体为褐色。其广泛分布于古北界，多栖息于湿地、沼泽、湖泊以及流速缓慢的河流中，主要以沉水植物为食。该鸟一窝可生下8—10枚卵，巢穴为垫有植物的土坑。目前红头潜鸭因栖息地破坏、噪音污染以及人类狩猎等原因而逐年下降。

物种命名

瑞典博物学家卡尔·林奈在他的著作自然系统中首次命名红头潜鸭，彼时该鸟学名为Anas ferina，后被移动至潜鸭属。红头潜鸭的属名“Aythya”源自古希腊语αιθυια，意指某种海鸟，而种加词“ferina”源自拉丁语ferinus，含义是“野兽”^[2]。

外貌描述

雄性红头潜鸭在繁殖季头部为枣红色，瞳孔为红色，前胸、喙与臀部为黑色，上颚中心为银色，身体为灰色并有虫蚀状条纹。其发翔羽全部为银灰色，其中初级与次级飞羽末端呈黑色，而翅膀内侧则是白色。雌性红头潜鸭头部与鸟喙为暗褐色，眼后有一条淡灰色条纹，身体整体为棕灰色，翅膀相较于雄性更偏棕色。繁殖季外的雄性外貌与雌性相似，但前胸颜色明显较深，眼后也无条纹。亚成鸟外貌亦类似于雌鸟，但颜色更为斑驳和黯淡^[2]。

物种分布

红头潜鸭广泛分布于古北界^[3]。其繁殖范围主要包括英国、斯堪的纳维亚、德国北部、波罗的海三国、俄罗斯以及哈萨克斯坦，尤其常见于哈萨克草原的湿地，至冬季则前往各低纬度地区越冬，最南可抵埃塞俄比亚与肯尼亚^[2]。

生态与习性

栖息地

红头潜鸭偏好静水栖息地，如湖泊、沼泽或是流速缓慢的河流，亦会出没于鱼塘等人造栖息地。该鸟尤其偏好植被充足且远离人烟的水域^[4]^[5]。红头潜鸭偶尔也会栖息于半咸水水域或是河口湾中^[2]。

食性

红头潜鸭主要以沉水植物为食，包括轮藻、眼子菜、狐尾藻和金鱼藻^[2]，但偶尔也会取食贝类^[6]、划蝽^[7]、摇蚊和石蛾^[8]、两栖类以及小鱼^[2]。该鸟潜水觅食，下潜深度为1—2.5米^[2]。此外，该鸟还会尾随小天鹅，取食后者游泳时带至水面附近水生植物^[9]。

生命周期

红头潜鸭一般在3月或4月初离开越冬地，期间飞行速度极快，可在2—3日内飞行上千公里^[10]。其多在4—5月开始繁殖。该鸟为一夫一妻制物种，但雄鸟会在雌鸟产下卵1—2周后离开^[2]。其巢穴为一般为垫有植物的土坑，周围可能有其他同类或是凤头潜鸭以及红嘴鸥的巢穴^[11]。红头潜鸭一般一窝产下8—10枚卵，蛋壳呈灰绿色，其卵需约25日孵化。雏鸟上半身覆盖有棕色绒毛，下半身则为黄色。亲鸟会在雏鸟约50日龄时离开，彼时雏鸟已具有飞行能力^[2]。

该鸟常进行种内巢寄生行为，有研究指出近九成的红头潜鸭巢中有非亲生的雏鸟。此外，红头潜鸭与凤头潜鸭、赤嘴潜鸭和绿头鸭互为巢寄生宿主，即其会将部分卵产入彼此的鸟巢中^[12]。因此，红头潜鸭巢中可能会出现多达22枚卵。然而，如巢中有太多非亲生的卵，亲鸟可能会直接弃巢^[13]。根据环志记录，红头潜鸭的寿命至少为22岁^[2]。

红头潜鸭有与绿头鸭、赤嘴潜鸭、凤头潜鸭、白眼潜鸭和青头潜鸭杂交的记录^[2]。

鸣叫

雄性成年红头潜鸭鲜少鸣叫，仅偶尔会在求偶时发出微弱的口哨声，而雌鸟则会被驱赶时发出轻柔的“咳”声，而雏鸟则会用短促的叫声进行交流^[14]。

种群保育

红头潜鸭的种群正在衰退，其主要面临的威胁是栖息地破坏，如该鸟在20世纪中叶尚在第聂伯河流域有相当规模的种群，但因湿地干涸和污染已经相当少见^[4]。此外，建筑施工所带来的噪音污染亦会干扰红头潜鸭的觅食^[15]，而欧洲许多国家尚有狩猎此鸟的传统^[1]。因此，其全球大部分种群均呈下降趋势，部分欧洲种群比起21世纪初下降了40%左右，IUCN将其评为“易危”^[1]。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 BirdLife International. Common Pochard: Aythya ferina. IUCN红色名录. 2019, 2019: e.T22680358A155473754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680358A155473754.en .
^ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Carboneras, C; Kirwan, G.W; Sharpe, C.J. Common Pochard. Bird of the World. Cornell Lab of Orithology.
^ Tian，X; Gao, X; Zhang, L; Zhou, S; Zhang, Z; Ding, J; Sun, G; Yang, X; Zhang, H. Chromosome-level genome provides insights into evolution and diving adaptability in the vulnerable common pochard (Aythya ferina). BMC Genomics. 2024, 25: 1–10.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Ponomarenko, O; Banik, M; Zhukov, O. Assessing Habitat Suitability for the Common Pochard, Aythya Ferina (Anseriformes, Anatidae) at Different Spatial Scales in Orel’ River Valley, Ukraine. Ekológia Bratislava. 2021, 48 (2): 154–162.
^ Fox, A.D; Balsby, T.J.S; Jørgensen, H.E; Lauridsen, T.L; Jeppesen, E; Søndergaard, M; Fugl, K; Myssen, P; Clausen, P. Effects of lake restoration on breeding abundance of globally declining common pochard (Aythya ferina L.). Hydrobiologia. 2010, 830 (1): 33–44.
^ Sekiya, Y; Hiratsuka, J; Yamamuro, M; Oka, N; Abe, M. Diet selectivity and shift of wintering common pochards and tufted ducks in a eutrophic coastal lagoon. Journal of Marine Systems. 2000, 26: 233–238.
^ Olney, P.J.S. The food and feeding-habits of the pochard Aythya ferina. Biological Conservation. 1068, 1: 71–76.
^ Philips, V.E. Pochard Aythya ferina use of chironomid-rich feeding habitat in winter. Bird Study. 1991, 38: 118–122.
^ Gyimesi, A; van Lith, B; Nolet, B.A. Commensal Foraging with Bewick's Swans Cygnus bewickii Doubles Instantaneous Intake Rate of Common Pochards Aythya ferina. Ardea. 2012, 100 (1): 55–62.
^ Hofer, J; Korner-Nievergelt, F; Korner-Nievergel, P; Kestenholz, M; Jenni, L. Herkunft und Zugverhalten von in der Schweiz überwinternden oder durchziehenden Tafelenten Aythya ferina. Der Ornithologische Beobachter. 2006, 103 (2): 65–86.
^ Väänänen, V. Predation Risk Associated with Nesting in Gull Colonies by Two Aythya Species: Observations and an Experimental Test. Journal of Avian Biology: 31–35.
^ Šťovíček, O; Kreisinger, J; Javůrková, V; Albrecht, T. High rates of conspecific brood parasitism revealed by microsatellite analysis in a diving duck, the common pochard Aythya ferina. Journal of Avian Biology: 369–375.
^ Dugger, Bruce D. & Blums, Peter. Effect of Conspecific Brood Parasitism on Host Fitness for Tufted Duck and Common Pochard. The Auk. July 2001, 118 (3): 717–726. JSTOR 4089933. doi:10.1093/auk/118.3.717 .
^ Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary. Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. 1988: 247-248. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.
^ Marsden, S.J. Impact of Disturbance on Waterfowl Wintering in a UK Dockland Redevelopment Area. Environmental Managemen. 2000, 26 (2): 207–213.

外部链接

[iucn-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 BirdLife International. Common Pochard: Aythya ferina. IUCN红色名录. 2019, 2019: e.T22680358A155473754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680358A155473754.en .

[bow-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Carboneras, C; Kirwan, G.W; Sharpe, C.J. Common Pochard. Bird of the World. Cornell Lab of Orithology.

[3] Tian，X; Gao, X; Zhang, L; Zhou, S; Zhang, Z; Ding, J; Sun, G; Yang, X; Zhang, H. Chromosome-level genome provides insights into evolution and diving adaptability in the vulnerable common pochard (Aythya ferina). BMC Genomics. 2024, 25: 1–10.

[pono-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Ponomarenko, O; Banik, M; Zhukov, O. Assessing Habitat Suitability for the Common Pochard, Aythya Ferina (Anseriformes, Anatidae) at Different Spatial Scales in Orel’ River Valley, Ukraine. Ekológia Bratislava. 2021, 48 (2): 154–162.

[5] Fox, A.D; Balsby, T.J.S; Jørgensen, H.E; Lauridsen, T.L; Jeppesen, E; Søndergaard, M; Fugl, K; Myssen, P; Clausen, P. Effects of lake restoration on breeding abundance of globally declining common pochard (Aythya ferina L.). Hydrobiologia. 2010, 830 (1): 33–44.

[6] Sekiya, Y; Hiratsuka, J; Yamamuro, M; Oka, N; Abe, M. Diet selectivity and shift of wintering common pochards and tufted ducks in a eutrophic coastal lagoon. Journal of Marine Systems. 2000, 26: 233–238.

[7] Olney, P.J.S. The food and feeding-habits of the pochard Aythya ferina. Biological Conservation. 1068, 1: 71–76.

[8] Philips, V.E. Pochard Aythya ferina use of chironomid-rich feeding habitat in winter. Bird Study. 1991, 38: 118–122.

[9] Gyimesi, A; van Lith, B; Nolet, B.A. Commensal Foraging with Bewick's Swans Cygnus bewickii Doubles Instantaneous Intake Rate of Common Pochards Aythya ferina. Ardea. 2012, 100 (1): 55–62.

[10] Hofer, J; Korner-Nievergelt, F; Korner-Nievergel, P; Kestenholz, M; Jenni, L. Herkunft und Zugverhalten von in der Schweiz überwinternden oder durchziehenden Tafelenten Aythya ferina. Der Ornithologische Beobachter. 2006, 103 (2): 65–86.

[11] Väänänen, V. Predation Risk Associated with Nesting in Gull Colonies by Two Aythya Species: Observations and an Experimental Test. Journal of Avian Biology: 31–35.

[12] Šťovíček, O; Kreisinger, J; Javůrková, V; Albrecht, T. High rates of conspecific brood parasitism revealed by microsatellite analysis in a diving duck, the common pochard Aythya ferina. Journal of Avian Biology: 369–375.

[13] Dugger, Bruce D. & Blums, Peter. Effect of Conspecific Brood Parasitism on Host Fitness for Tufted Duck and Common Pochard. The Auk. July 2001, 118 (3): 717–726. JSTOR 4089933. doi:10.1093/auk/118.3.717 .

[14] Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary. Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. 1988: 247-248. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.

[15] Marsden, S.J. Impact of Disturbance on Waterfowl Wintering in a UK Dockland Redevelopment Area. Environmental Managemen. 2000, 26 (2): 207–213.

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红头潜鸭