無理數

各种各样的
基本

延伸
其他

圓周率
自然對數的底
虛數單位
無限大

無理數(irrational number)是指有理数以外的实数,當中的「理」字来自于拉丁语的rationalis,意思是「理解」,实际是拉丁文对于logos「说明」的翻译,是指无法用两整数之比来说明的无理数。

有理數實數不能寫作兩整數之比。若將它寫成小數形式,小數點後有無限多,並且不會循環,即无限不循环小数(任何有限或无限循环小数可表示成两整数的比)。常見無理數有大部分的平方根πe(後兩者同時為超越數)等。無理數另一特徵是無限的連分數表達式

傳說中,无理数最早由畢達哥拉斯學派弟子希伯斯发现,他以幾何方法證明無法用整数分數表示;而畢達哥拉斯深信任意数均可用整数及分数表示,不相信無理數存在,後來希伯斯触犯学派章程,将无理数透露给外人,因而被扔进海中处死,其罪名竟然等同于“渎神”。另見第一次數學危機

無理數可以通過有理數的分划的概念來定義。

举例

  1. =1.73205080…
  2. 3=0.47712125…
  3. e=2.71828182845904523536…
  4. sin 45°==0.70710678…
  5. π=3.141592653589793238462…

性质

  • 无理数加或减无理数不一定得无理数,如
  • 无理数乘不等于0的有理数必得无理数。
  • 无理数的平方根立方根等次方根必得无理数。

不知是否是無理數的數

π+e、π-e等,事实上,對于任何非零整數,不知道是否無理數。

無理數與無理數的四則運算的結果往往不知道是否無理數,只有π-π=0、等除外。

我們亦不知道欧拉-马歇罗尼常数卡塔兰常数费根鲍姆常数是否無理數。

無理數集的特性

無理數集是不可數集(有理數集是可數集而實數集是不可數集)。無理數集是不完備拓撲空間,它與所有正數數列的集拓撲同構,當中的同構映射是無理數的連分數開展,因而贝尔纲定理可應用於無數間的拓撲空間。

無理化作連分數的表達式

選取正實數使

經由遞迴處理

無理數之證

證明是无理数

假设是有理数,且是最简分数。

两边平方,得。将此式改写为,可见为偶数。

因为平方运算保持奇偶性,所以只能为偶数。设,其中为整数。

代入可得。同理可得亦为偶数。

这与为最简分数的假设矛盾,所以是有理数的假设不成立。

證明是无理数

假設是有理數,兩邊平方得

其中因為是有理數,所以也是有理數。

透過證明為無理數的方法,其中為一非完全平方数

可以證明是無理數

同樣也推出是無理數

但這又和是有理數互相矛盾

所以是一無理數

證明是无理数

證一

同樣,假設是有理數,兩邊平方得

於是是有理數。兩邊再次平方,得:

於是

由於是有理數,所以

透過證明形如的數是無理數的方法,得出也是一無理數

但這結果明顯和皆為有理數出現矛盾,故為無理數

證二

同樣假設是有理數,

,兩邊平方:

證明形式的數是無理數的方法,得出是無理數

也是矛盾的。

證明是无理数

,兩邊平方得

,得到為一有理數

,兩邊繼續平方:

由於皆為有理數

亦為有理數

證明形式的數是無理數的方法可知為無理數

這和是有理數衝突

所以得證為無理數

参见

外部連結

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