zh %E7%84%9A%E7%87%92%E7%A7%B8%E7%A8%88

这个可视化图片显示了美国2002年到2011年的野火事件。每年在美国西部和东南部农业州出现的火灾往往是故意焚烧秸秆导致的。

焚烧秸秆是指人們在收割谷物（如水稻和小麦）后故意放火烧掉留下的秸秆茬的行為。焚燒秸稈目的是去除害虫寄生的環境以及去除杂草，而且可以减少氮滞留^[1]；但煙霧會造成空氣污染^[2]以及產生温室气体和其他破坏臭氧层的气体，並且很有可能導致火灾蔓延^[3]^[3]。

秸秆焚烧的替代方法

农业残留物可以有其他用途，例如用于塑合板^[4]和生物燃料^[5] ，尽管这些用途仍然会导致侵蚀和养分流失等问题。

喷洒一种酶，将秸秆分解成有用的肥料，改善土壤，避免空气污染并防止二氧化碳排放。 ^[6]

但是这些方法的替代性都很有限。很多地方的秸秆焚烧仍然难以避免。

对秸秆焚烧的态度

在20世纪90年代之前，焚燒秸稈一直很普遍，後來各國政府開始逐步限制焚燒秸稈。

自 1993 年以来，英国已有效禁止焚烧残茬。 ^[7]黑草，特别是抗除草剂黑草的感知增加，导致一些耕地农民发起运动，要求其回归。 ^[8]
在澳大利亚，焚烧秸秆“不是大多数农民的首选” ^[1] ，但在某些情况下是允许和推荐的。建议农民耙和焚烧堆垛，并在任何烧毁处留出 3 米的防火带。 ^[3]
在美国，火灾在中西部各州相当普遍，但俄勒冈州和爱达荷州等一些州对这种做法进行了规范。 ^[9] ^[10]
在欧盟，共同农业政策强烈反对焚烧秸秆。 ^[11]
在中国，政府禁止焚烧秸秆；然而，这种做法仍然相当普遍。 ^[12]
在印度北部，尽管旁遮普邦污染控制委员会禁止焚烧秸秆，但自 1986 年以来仍在进行焚烧。当局开始更积极地执行这项禁令，并研究替代方案。 ^[13] ^[14] ^[6]
在加拿大的一些省份，包括马尼托巴省在内，2007 年估计有 5% 的农民会烧秸秆。 ^[15]

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Grains and Other Crops» Crop Production» Stubble Burning. [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-06）.
^ Zhang, H.; Hu, D.; Chen, J.; Ye, X.; Wang, S. X.; Hao, J. M.; Wang, L.; Zhang, R.; An, Z. Particle size distribution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from agricultural crop residue burning. Environmental Science & Technology. 2011, 45 (13): 5477–82. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.5477Z. PMID 21615081. doi:10.1021/es1037904.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Ellison, Amelia. Stubble burns cause headache for firebrigades. The Wimmera Mail Times. 24 August 2013 [24 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）.
^ Ferrandez-Garcia; García-Ortuño; Ferrández García; Ferrández-Villena; Ferrandez-Garcia. Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of binderless rice straw particleboards. BioResources. 28 September 2017, 12 (4): 8539–8549 [1 December 2020]. doi:10.15376/biores.12.4.8539-8549 . （原始内容存档于2022-10-17）.
^ Andrews, Susan S. Crop Residue Removal for Biomass Energy Production: Effects on Soils and Recommendations (PDF). Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. February 22, 2006 [January 3, 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-08）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Kamali Dehghan, Saeed. Burning issue: how enzymes could end India's problem with stubble. The Guardian. 2021-12-10 [2021-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-17）（英语）.
^ The Crop Residues (Burning) Regulations 1993. www.legislation.gov.uk. [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）.
^ Tasker, Johann. Farmers step up stubble burning campaign. 30 May 2012 [24 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-25）.
^ Oregon Secretary of State Division Rules, Chapter 603, Division 77, "Field Burning Rules". [4 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.
^ Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Crop Residue Burning. [4 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-12）.
^ REGULATION (EU) No 1306/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-12）.
^ Farmers burn wheat stubble despite ban. Peoples Daily. 15 June 2013 [24 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-22）.
^ Paddy stubble burning: Two farmers booked in Sangrur. Hindustan Times. 31 October 2014 [23 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2 November 2014）.
^ Slater, Joanna. India is trying to prevent apocalyptic air pollution. Step 1: Stop farmers from burning their fields.. Washington Post. 15 October 2018 [17 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-16）（英语）.
^ Smoke from stubble fires engulfs Winnipeg. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 September 2007 [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-17）.

[vicgovau-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Grains and Other Crops» Crop Production» Stubble Burning. [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-06）.

[2] Zhang, H.; Hu, D.; Chen, J.; Ye, X.; Wang, S. X.; Hao, J. M.; Wang, L.; Zhang, R.; An, Z. Particle size distribution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from agricultural crop residue burning. Environmental Science & Technology. 2011, 45 (13): 5477–82. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.5477Z. PMID 21615081. doi:10.1021/es1037904.

[mailtimes-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Ellison, Amelia. Stubble burns cause headache for firebrigades. The Wimmera Mail Times. 24 August 2013 [24 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）.

[4] Ferrandez-Garcia; García-Ortuño; Ferrández García; Ferrández-Villena; Ferrandez-Garcia. Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of binderless rice straw particleboards. BioResources. 28 September 2017, 12 (4): 8539–8549 [1 December 2020]. doi:10.15376/biores.12.4.8539-8549 . （原始内容存档于2022-10-17）.

[5] Andrews, Susan S. Crop Residue Removal for Biomass Energy Production: Effects on Soils and Recommendations (PDF). Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. February 22, 2006 [January 3, 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-08）.

[:0-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Kamali Dehghan, Saeed. Burning issue: how enzymes could end India's problem with stubble. The Guardian. 2021-12-10 [2021-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-17）（英语）.

[7] The Crop Residues (Burning) Regulations 1993. www.legislation.gov.uk. [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）.

[8] Tasker, Johann. Farmers step up stubble burning campaign. 30 May 2012 [24 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-25）.

[9] Oregon Secretary of State Division Rules, Chapter 603, Division 77, "Field Burning Rules". [4 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-14）.

[10] Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Crop Residue Burning. [4 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-12）.

[11] REGULATION (EU) No 1306/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-12）.

[12] Farmers burn wheat stubble despite ban. Peoples Daily. 15 June 2013 [24 August 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-22）.

[13] Paddy stubble burning: Two farmers booked in Sangrur. Hindustan Times. 31 October 2014 [23 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2 November 2014）.

[14] Slater, Joanna. India is trying to prevent apocalyptic air pollution. Step 1: Stop farmers from burning their fields.. Washington Post. 15 October 2018 [17 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-16）（英语）.

[15] Smoke from stubble fires engulfs Winnipeg. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 September 2007 [2022-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-17）.

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焚燒秸稈

秸秆焚烧的替代方法

对秸秆焚烧的态度

参考文献

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