托倫斯在1913年8月30日於四川成都出生,是內地會宣教士湯瑪斯·托倫斯(Thomas Torrance; 1871-1959)和安妮·伊利莎伯·托倫斯(Annie Elizabeth Torrance;1883-1980)的長子。[1][2]他的全名湯瑪斯·福賽斯·托倫斯取自他的曾祖父。[1]他在中國住了13年才回英國。
他曾在愛丁堡大學、牛津大學和巴塞爾大學修學。他自1931年起在愛丁堡修讀古典文學和哲學。由於他對於哲學、神學和倫理學的實在論逐漸成形,自他在1934年轉到新學院(愛丁堡)修讀神學後,他開始質疑弗里德里希·施萊爾馬赫的神學方法和其缺乏客觀元素的實在科學主義。托倫斯認為,此客觀元素意指神學概念需由事物本身的客觀性質來定斷。[3]由此可見,神學與科學差別不大,唯一不同的是兩者本身的客觀性質。以此推論,從科學角度來看,世界是在上帝的創造裡;而從神學角度來看,上帝作為創造者、協調者與救贖者,與創造物毫無隔離,衪道成肉身在衪的愛子、在時間與空間範圍內,讓世界能與衪和解。此觀點令托倫斯反對所有二元論,認為此有礙人類理解上帝與他們在歷史中的互動。他也反對任何形式的主觀主義,認為這無助人類客觀地理解他們自己。托倫斯深受休·羅斯·麥金托甚(Hugh Ross Mackintosh;1870-1936)[4]和但以理·拉蒙特(Daniel Lamont;1869-1950)影響。前者的神學以基督為中心,又強調神學與宣教的關係;後者則著重基督教與科學文化的關係。[5]
學生時代與初期教授生涯
托倫斯於1936年獲得布萊基獎學金 (Blackie Fellowship)到中東進修。此旅程不乏驚險情節:他在伊拉克巴士拉被誤會為間諜而被判死刑。後來他說服官員們他只是神學生,才能經過巴格達進入敘利亞。[6] 他後來回到蘇格蘭繼續修學,專攻系統神學,並以一級榮譽畢業。及後,他前往巴塞爾向卡爾·巴特學習。托倫斯於1938至1939年間在位於紐約的奧本神學院(Auburn Theological Seminary)教學。他原獲普林斯頓大學聘請教授宗教研究,但他最後決定回到正在打仗的家鄉蘇格蘭。[6] 他於1939至1940年在牛津大學奧里爾學院修學。1940年3月20日被按立為傳道人。在第二次世界大戰期間,他為在北非和意大利北部的蘇格蘭士兵提供傳道上和實質上的支援。而他也靠著上帝的恩典逃過多次火災。[4] 他於戰後回到他的教區埃利斯(Alyth)服事,後來在阿巴丁的比奇格羅夫(Beechgrove)教會當傳道人,踏上了他敬重的教授休·羅斯·麥金托甚的步伐。1946年他與瑪格麗特·伊迪斯·斯皮爾 (Margaret Edith Spear)訂婚並以一級榮譽(magna cum laude)完成他的博士,論文題目為《使徒教父的救恩教義》。10月2日與瑪格麗特在英格蘭巴斯附近的庫姆·唐教會(Combe Down Parish Church)結婚。托倫斯的家庭成員包括:現在在赫瑞瓦特大學教學的經濟學家和哲學家-長子湯瑪斯·斯皮爾·托倫斯(Thomas Spear Torrance;1947年7月3日-);普林斯頓神學院前校長和教父學教授-二子伊恩·理查·托倫斯(Iain Richard Torrance;1949年1月13日-);愛丁堡的註冊醫生-幼女艾麗森·米塔·托倫斯(Alison Meta Elizabeth Torrance;1951年4月15日-)。
托倫斯曾當1976至1977年的蘇格蘭教會年會主席(Moderator of the General Assembly),而他兒子伊恩則在2003至2004年擔當此職位。作為一個更正教神職人員和神學家,他致力促進不同宗派的合一里程、積極與聖公會、信義宗、東正教、和天主教保持友好關係。為表揚他對東正教會合一的供獻,他在1973年被希臘東正教會阿克蘇姆主教(Archbishop of Axum)按立為首席司祭(Protopresbyter)。[1]他又曾在1974年當更正教與天主教聖餐研究小組的成員之一,該會當時在荷蘭 沃德斯霍顿(Woudschoten)開會,而他也因此認識了著名天主教合一神學家伊夫·孔加爾(Yves Congar)。他代表蘇格蘭教會於1949至1951年與英格蘭教會談論合一事宜,當中不單談及屬靈上的合一、也談到真正的合一計劃。[8]他於1954至1962年是蘇格蘭教會浸禮委員會主席(當時阿拉斯代爾·赫倫的父親約翰·赫倫是該會的秘書),而他曾出席普世教會協會1954年在伊利諾州埃文斯頓的會議。
而托倫斯又曾在1975年3月在瑞士主領有關卡爾·拉納(Karl Rahner)的研討會,認為拉納的三一神學有助促進東西方天主教與福音派在合一議程上的發展。他也在改革宗和羅馬天主教就因信稱義和恩典的討論上甚有貢獻。此外,托倫斯的寫作或多或少看到耶猶對話。他於1948年創立了《蘇格蘭神學期刊》(Scottish Journal of Theology),由他的兒子伊恩在耶魯大學和拜仁·斯平克斯(Bryan Spinks)繼續編輯。
The Doctrine of Grace in the Apostolic Fathers. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1948.
Calvin's Doctrine of Man. London: Lutterworth Press, 1949.
Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956.
When Christ Comes and Comes Again. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1957.
The Apocalypse Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959.
Conflict and Agreement in the Church, I: Order and Disorder. London: Lutterworth Press, 1959.
'Justification: Its Radical Nature and Place in Reformed Doctrine and Life'. The Scottish Journal of Theology 13 (1960) 240.
Conflict and Agreement in the Church, II: The Ministry and Sacraments of the Gospel. London: Lutterworth Press, 1960.
Karl Barth: an Introduction to his Early Theology, 1910-1931. London: SCM Press; New York: Harper & Row, 1962.
'Scientific Hermeneutics according to St. Thomas Aquinas'. The Journal of Theological Studies XIII.2 (October, 1962): 259-89.
Theology in Reconstruction. London: SCM Press Ltd, 1965.
Space, Time and Incarnation. London: Oxford University Press, 1969
Theological Science. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
'The Problem of Natural Theology in the Thought of Karl Barth'. Religious Studies 6 (1970): 121-35.
God and Rationality. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
'The Relation of the Incarnation to Space in Nicene Theology'. The Ecumenical World of Orthodox Civilization: Russia and Orthodoxy. vol. 3. (Essays in Honor of Georges Florovsky) Edited by Andrew Blane. Paris: Mouton, 1974.
Theology in Reconciliation: Essays towards Evangelical and Catholic Unity in East and West. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1975.
'Toward Ecumenical Consensus on the Trinity'. Theologische Zeitschrift 31 (1975) 337-50.
Space, Time and Resurrection. Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1976.
The Ground and Grammar of Theology. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1980.
Christian Theology and Scientific Culture, vol. 1 of series, Theology and Scientific Culture. General Foreword by Torrance. Belfast: Christian Journals; New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Divine and Contingent Order. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
The Incarnation: Ecumenical Studies in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. Edinburgh: The Handsel Press, 1981.
Reality and Evangelical Theology. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1982.
'The Deposit of Faith'. The Scottish Journal of Theology 36.1 (1983): 1-28.
Transformation & Convergence in the Frame of Knowledge: Explorations in the Interrelations of Scientific and Theological Enterprise. Belfast: Christian Journals; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1984.
The Christian Frame of Mind. Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1985
Reality and Scientific Theology. The Margaret Harris Lectures, Dundee, 1970 (Theology and Science at the Frontiers of Knowledge, vol 1). Edinburgh: Scottish University Press, 1985
'My Interaction with Karl Barth'. In How Karl Barth Changed My Mind, edited by Donald K. McKim, 52-64. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1986.
'Karl Barth and Patristic Theology'. In Theology Beyond Christendom: Essays on the Centenary of the Birth of Karl Barth May 10, 1986. Edited by John Thompson. Allison Park, PA: Pickwich, 1986, 215-39.
'Theological Realism'. In The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology: Essays Presented to D. M. MacKinnon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 169-96.
The Hermeneutics of John Calvin. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988.
The Trinitarian Faith: The Evangelical Theology of the Ancient Catholic Church. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988.
Karl Barth, Biblical and Evangelical Theologian. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990.
The Mediation of Christ. Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1992.
Royal Priesthood: A Theology of Ordained Ministry. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1993.
Trinitarian Perspectives: Toward Doctrinal Agreement. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1994.
Preaching Christ Today: The Gospel and Scientific Thinking. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1994.
Divine Meaning: Studies in Patristic Hermeneutics. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1995.
'The Uniqueness of Divine Revelation and the Authority of the Scriptures: The Creed Associations's Statement'. Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 13 (Autumn 1995): 97-101.
The Christian Doctrine of God, One Being Three Persons. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.
Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 1996.
Scottish Theology: From John Knox to John McLeod Campbell. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.
Theological and Natural Science. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2002.
The Doctrine of Jesus Christ. Eugene Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2002.
Incarnation: The Person and Life of Christ. Edited by Robert T. Walker. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2008.
Atonement: The Person and Work of Christ. Edited by Robert T. Walker. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2009.
編輯作品
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics I/2 The Doctrine of the Word of God. Prolegomena, Part 2, translated by G.T. Thomson and H. Knight. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics IV/1 The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part I, translated by G.W. Bromiley. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics II/1, The Doctrine of God, translated by T.H.L. Parker, W.B. Johnston, H. Knight and J.L.M. Haire. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1957.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics II/2, The Doctrine of God, translated by G.W. Bromiley, J.C. Campbell, I. Wilson, J. Strathern McNab, H. Knight and R.A. Stewart. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1957.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/1, The Doctrine of Creation, Part 1, translated by J.W. Edwards, O. Bussey and H. Knight. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1958.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics IV/2, Part 2, The Doctrine of Reconciliation, translated by G.W. Bromiley. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1958.
Editor, 'The Mystery of the Lord's Supper: Sermons by Robert Bruce', Edinburgh: Rutherford House, 1958.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/2. The Doctrine of Creation, Part 2, Translated by H. Knight, J.K.S. Reid, G.W. Bromiley and R.H. Fuller. Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1960.
Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/3. The Doctrine of Creation, Part 3, Translated by G.W. Bromiley and R. Ehrlich. Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1960.
Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians, translated by T.A. Smail. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964.
Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians and Colossians, translated by T.H.L Parker. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1965.
Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, The Acts of the Apostles 14-26, translated by J.W. Fraser. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1966.
Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, A Harmony of the Gospels: Matthew, Mark and Luke, 3 vols. Vols 1 and 3 translated by A.W. Morrison and vol. 2 translated by T.H.L. Parker. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1972; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1968.
Editor. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, James Clerk Maxwell. Scottish Academic Press, 1983. ISBN 0-7073-0324-9
Editor. Theological Dialogue Between Orthodox and Reformed Churches, 2 Vols. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985-1993.
延伸閱讀
Daniel J. Cameron. Flesh and Blood: A Dogmatic Sketch Concerning the Fallen Nature View of Christ's Human Nature. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2016.
Elmer M. Colyer. How to Read T. F. Torrance: Understanding His Trinitarian & Scientific Theology. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
Elmer M. Colyer, ed. The Promise of Trinitarian Theology: Theologians in Dialogue with T. F. Torrance. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.
David Fergusson. 'Torrance, Thomas Forsyth (1913-2007)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Jan 2011.
Myk Habets. Theosis in the Theology of Thomas F. Torrance (Ashgate New Critical Thinking in Religion, Theology, and Biblical Studies). Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009.
Kye Won Lee. Living in Union With Christ: The Practical Theology of Thomas F. Torrance. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2003.
Tapio Luoma. 'Thomas F. Torrance'. In The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity. Edited by J.B. Stump and Alan G. Padgett. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Alister E. McGrath. Thomas F. Torrance: An Intellectual Biography. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1999.
Paul D. Molnar. Thomas F. Torrance: Theologian of the Trinity. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009.
Richardson, Kurt. Trinitarian Reality. The Interrelation Between Uncreated and Created Being in the Thought of Thomas Forsyth Torrance. Dissertation, University of Basel, 1993.