哈德遜河派畫家阿舍·布朗·杜兰德1837年創作的柯爾肖像畫
托马斯·科尔(1801年-1848年)[1]是位英裔美國畫家,同時是哈德遜河派藝術運動的創始人[2]。科尔以浪漫主義風景畫和歷史畫聞名,甚至被譽為首位重要的美國風景畫畫家。他的畫風受到歐洲畫家影響,但有著強烈的美式感受力[3],其作品頗多,主要用油彩作畫。他的畫作通常都有寓意,而且經常在略帶悲傷和浮想聯翩的自然風景上描繪小型人像和建築。它們時常將新世界描繪成自然的伊甸園,有逃避現實之意,這與畫家從小生活在烏煙瘴氣的城市景觀(工業革命時期的英國)形成強烈對比[4][5]。他的作品很常批判當代對於工業化、都市主義和西進運動的趨勢,所以被視作保守[3]。
自學成才的科尔於1822年開始創作肖像畫,隨後幾年才將注意力轉移到風景畫上[6],而讓画家作品普及的1825年展覽中就有他的首批風景畫《枯樹湖》[7]。科尔早期畫的山野作品都是「真實的美國森林」,他曾居住過的哈德遜河谷和卡茲奇山是常駐背景[7][8]。1831至1832年間,科尔到訪過義大利的名勝古蹟部分出現在畫作裏,例如《罗马附近的渡槽》、《羅馬坎帕尼亞》、《尼祿拱門》。科尔在羅馬時為他最雄心壯志的作品(講述文明興衰的《帝國歷程》系列)制定概念[9],這5幅作品於1836年完成,反映了對田園主義的懷舊之情和畫家對美國總統安德鲁·杰克逊的不满[3]。1836年的畫作《牛軛湖》涵蓋他早年風景畫的許多主題,將未開發的大自然和「開化」的土地同時呈現[10]。科尔晚年作品的關注點從自然景色到更多地傳達宗教或精神主題[2]。1842年,他畫了另一個譬喻式系列《生命之旅》來圍繞身為人的生命歷程。1847年,他根據同名希臘神話創作《被縛的普羅米修斯》,許多分析家認為其表達廢奴主義者的觀點[11]。《日落時的十字架》在科尔撒手人寰時仍未完成[12]。
如今,許多主要和國家博物館都有展出科爾的作品,大都會藝術博物館、波士頓美術館和國家藝廊均有收藏。以下列表僅包含公家有記錄在案的藏品。
畫作
確定日期的作品
未確定日期的作品
練習作品
注釋
- ^ 這幅作品原本只是更大幅作品的試畫[52]。
- ^ 又名《暴雨後馬薩諸塞州北安普敦聖軛山風景》
參考資料
- ^ Thomas Cole. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-09).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Genocchio, Benjamin. In an Untamed Wilderness, Finding the Serene. The New York Times. June 18, 2006 [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-15).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cotter, Holland. Thomas Cole, American Moralist. The New York Times. 2018-03-15 [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-24).
- ^ Kornhauser, Elizabeth. Re-examining Thomas Cole. The Magazine Antiques. 2018-01-08 [2018-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ Parry III, Ellwood C. Thomas Cole's "The Hunter's Return". The American Art Journal. Summer 1985, 17 (3): 2–17 [2020-08-24]. JSTOR 1594431. doi:10.2307/1594431. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Truettner, William H.; Wallach, Alan. Thomas Cole: Landscape into History. Yale University Press. 1994: 25–26. ISBN 978-0-300-05850-5.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Weidman, J. Modern Landscapes. Allen Memorial Art Museum. [August 18, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 21, 2020).
- ^ Thomas Cole's Story. Thomas Cole National Historical Site. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-16).
- ^ Thomas Cole. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-24).
- ^ Roque, Oswaldo Rodriguez. "The Oxbow" by Thomas Cole: Iconography of an American Landscape Painting. Metropolitan Museum Journal. 1982, 17: 63–73 [August 25, 2020]. JSTOR 1512787. doi:10.2307/1512787. (原始内容存档于December 5, 2020).
- ^ Junker, Patricia. Thomas Cole's "Prometheus Bound:" An Allegory for the 1840s. The American Art Journal. 2000, 31 (1/2): 32–55 [2020-08-25]. JSTOR 1594625. doi:10.2307/1594625. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Cross at Sunset. Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-23).
- ^ Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill). Allen Memorial Art Museum. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).
- ^ Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill). Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-28).
- ^ View of Fort Putnam. Philadelphia Museum of Art. [2020-08-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-07).
- ^ View of Fort Putnam. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-16).
- ^ Landscape, 1825. Minneapolis Institute of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-29).
- ^ Catskills Mountain Landscape. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ The Tempest. High Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Kaaterskill Falls. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-24).
- ^ Sunrise in the Catskills, 1826. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-27).
- ^ Landscape, the Seat of Mr. Featherstonhaugh in the Distance. Philadelphia Museum of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-10).
- ^ View on the Schoharie. Fenimore Art Museum. [2020-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-22).
- ^ View on the Schoharie. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-28).
- ^ Daniel Boone Sitting At the Door of His Cabin on the Great Osage Lake Kentucky. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20).
- ^ Daniel Boone at His Cabin at Great Osage Lake. Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18).
- ^ From the Top of Kaaterskill Falls. Detroit Institute of Arts. [2020-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ The Woodchopper, Lake Featherstonhaugh. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20).
- ^ The Last of the Mohicans: The Death of Cora. The Penn Art Collection. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ Peace at Sunset (Evening in the White Mountains). Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-28).
- ^ Scene from "The Last of the Mohicans," Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund. The Met. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14).
- ^ The Clove, Catskills. San Francisco Gate. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-19).
- ^ The Clove, Catskills. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-05).
- ^ View of the Round-Top in the Catskill Mountains. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-03).
- ^ View in the White Mountains. White Mountain Art & Artists. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-20).
- ^ Autumn in the Catskills. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20).
- ^ View near the Village of Catskill. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-28).
- ^ Landscape Composition, St. John in the Wilderness. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Lake Winnepesaukee. Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-09).
- ^ Expulsion. Moon and Firelight. Thyssen-Bornemisza Museo Nacional. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-08).
- ^ Expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-27).
- ^ Landscape (Landscape with Tree Trunks). Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ The Garden of Eden. The Met. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ View on Lake Winnipiseogee. Smithsonian Institution. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ View on Lake Winnipiseogee. American Art Gallery. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-05).
- ^ Distant View of Niagara Falls. Art Institute of Chicago. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ Tornado in an American Forest. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ A Tornado in the Wilderness. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ A Wild Scene. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).
- ^ Aqueduct near Rome. Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-03).
- ^ 52.0 52.1 The Dead Abel. Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ Ruined Tower (Mediterranean Coast Scene with Tower). Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-08).
- ^ Ruined Castle and River. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-10).
- ^ The Cascatelli, Tivoli, Looking Towards Rome. Columbus Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ A View near Tivoli (Morning). The Met. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-30).
- ^ Salvator Rosa Sketching Banditti. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Catskill Scenery. Saint Louis Art Museum. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-11).
- ^ Sunset, View on the Catskill. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Sunset, View on the Catskill. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ The Titan's Goblet. The Met. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-24).
- ^ Scene from Byron's "Manfred". Yale University Art Gallery. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14).
- ^ Landscape (Moonlight). Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Landscape (Moonlight). New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ The Course of Empire: Destruction. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-07).
- ^ The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds. Google Arts and Culture. [2020-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Autumn Twilight, View of Conway Peak (Mount Chocorua), New Hampshire. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Autumn Twilight, View of Corway Peak [Mount Chocorua], New Hampshire. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-22).
- ^ Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New-England. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New England. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-30).
- ^ Clouds. The Met. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-02).
- ^ Self-Portrait. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).
- ^ Thomas Cole (1801–1848). New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-03).
- ^ The Oxbow. The Met. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-24).
- ^ The Course of Empire: The Savage State. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or Pastoral State. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ The Course of Empire: Consummation. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-10).
- ^ The Course of Empire: Desolation. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ View on the Catskill Early Autumn. The Met. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-03).
- ^ View of Florence. Cleveland Museum of Art. 31 October 2018 [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-11).
- ^ The Departure. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-06).
- ^ The Return. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-06).
- ^ View on the Arno, near Florence. Worcester Art Museum. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-17).
- ^ The Vesper Hymn. Yale University Art Gallery. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-15).
- ^ Dream of Arcadia. Denver Art Museum. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-29).
- ^ Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-06).
- ^ View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, After a Storm. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ The Present. Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Consortium. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ The Past. Fice Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-12).
- ^ North Mountain and Catskill Creek. Yale University Art Gallery. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14).
- ^ The Notch of the White Mountains. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-01).
- ^ New England Scenery. Art Institute of Chicago. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ Gardens of the Van Rensselaer Manor House. Albany Institute of History and art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-08).
- ^ The Architect's Dream. Toledo Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ The Fountain of Vaucluse. Dallas Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-08).
- ^ Sunset in the Catskills. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-29).
- ^ The Return from the Tournament. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-28).
- ^ Mill Dam on the Catskill Creek. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ The Temple of Segesta with the Artist Sketching. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-28).
- ^ The Voyage of Life: Childhood. National Gallery of Art. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-17).
- ^ The Voyage of Life: Youth. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-26).
- ^ The Voyage of Life: Manhood. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-04).
- ^ The Voyage of Life: Old Age, 1842. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-27).
- ^ View of Sicily. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ River in the Catskills. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-03).
- ^ Angels Ministering to Christ in the Wilderness. Worcester Art Museum. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Roman Campagna (Ruins of Aqueducts in the Campagna Di Roma). Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Mount Etna from Taormina, Sicily. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-28).
- ^ An Italian Autumn. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-29).
- ^ A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-13).
- ^ American Lake Scene. Detroit Institute of Arts. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ The Mill, Sunset. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ View of the Thames. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Il Penseroso. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-29).
- ^ La Croix dans la solitude. Louvre Museum. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ La Croix dans la solitude. Louvre Museum. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28).
- ^ Catskill Creek. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Catskill Creek, N.Y.. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-29).
- ^ View across Frenchman's Bay from Mt. Desert Island, after a Squall. Cincinnati Art Museum. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ L'Allegro. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-29).
- ^ The Hunter's Return. Amon Carter Museum of American Art. [2020-08-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-03).
- ^ A Pic-Nic Party. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-14).
- ^ The Arch of Nero. Newark Museum. [2020-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ The Mountain Ford. The Met. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-14).
- ^ The Cross and the World: The Pilgrim of the Cross at the End of His Journey. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03).
- ^ Indian Pass. Google Arts and Culture. [2020-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Prometheus Bound. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-19).
- ^ Genesee Scenery. RISD Museum. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-08).
- ^ Home in the Woods. Reynolda House Museum of American Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-24).
- ^ The Good Shepherd. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ Italian Landscape. The Fralin Museum of Art. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-03).
- ^ Dead Rising from Tombs. Princeton University Art Museum. [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-19).
- ^ Italian Ruins, unfinished. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ Landscape, Sunrise in the Clove. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01).
- ^ Study for The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds. Chrysler Museum of Art. [2020-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- ^ Study for the Savage State. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-29).
- ^ Sketch for View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm. The Met. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-30).
- ^ Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ Study for The Voyage of Life: Old Age. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Youth. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ Compositional Study for the Voyage of Life: Manhood. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-09).
- ^ Study for Catskill Creek. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-21).
- ^ Study for The Cross and the World. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-14).
- ^ Study for The Cross and the World—The Pilgrim of the World on his Journey. Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-07).
- ^ Study for The Pilgrim of the World at the End of His Journey. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [2020-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03).
外部連結
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