1939年,美國醫生阿爾伯特·本克(Albert R. Behnke Jr.)著手研究深海潛水員有「酒醉感」的原因。他在測試對象所呼吸的氣體中調整各種氣體的比例,并發現潛水員對深度的感覺有所變化。他以此推論,氙氣能夠用於麻醉。俄羅斯毒理學家尼克拉·拉薩列夫(Nikolay V. Lazarev)曾在1941年研究過氙麻醉藥,但直到1946年美國醫學家約翰·勞倫斯(John H. Lawrence)才發表了他對老鼠進行的一項實驗研究,首次證實了氙作為麻醉藥的效用。1951年,美國麻醉師斯圖爾特·科林(Stuart C. Cullen)第一次使用氙麻醉藥,并成功為兩名病人進行了手術。[33]
隕石中的氙同位素比例可以用來研究太陽系的形成和演化。碘氙放射性定年法可以測定核合成至太陽星雲中固體物體縮合之間的時間。1960年,物理學家約翰·雷諾(John H. Reynolds)發現某些隕石中的氙-129含量異常高。他推斷這是碘-129的衰變產物。這一同位素可經宇宙射線散裂和核裂變緩慢產生,但只有在超新星爆炸中才能大量產生。由於129I的半衰期(1600萬年)相對宇宙時長來說非常短,因此可推論從超新星爆炸到隕石凝固之間經過的時間很短。一顆超新星在太陽系形成前不久爆炸,產生129I同位素之餘,可能也導致了前太陽氣體雲的收縮。[85][86]
科學家利用液態氙熱量計[164]來測量伽馬射線,并用液態氙尋找大質量弱相互作用粒子(WIMP)。理論預測,當WIMP撞擊氙原子核,會移除一顆電子,產生閃爍。如果使用氙,這一閃爍可以輕易地從其他由宇宙射線所造成的能量爆發分辨開來。[24]不過,意大利大薩索國家實驗室(Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)的「XENON」實驗以及英國伯比地底實驗室(Boulby Underground Laboratory)的ZEPLIN-II和ZEPLIN-III實驗都還沒有找到證實WIMP存在的證據。雖然沒有發現WIMP,但這些實驗有助於縮小暗物質的可能屬性範圍,以及改進相關的物理模型。[165][166]
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