桦尺蛾

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桦尺蛾
雄蛾（上）與雌蛾（下），攝於英國
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	鱗翅目 Lepidoptera
科：	尺蛾科 Geometridae
属：	鹰尺蛾属 Biston
种：	桦尺蛾 B. betularia
二名法
Biston betularia Linnaeus, 1758
亞種
B. b. betularia B. b. cognataria (Guenée, 1857) B. b. contrasta (Barnes & Benjamin, 1923) B. b. parva Leech, 1897 B. b. nepalensis Inoue, 1982
異名
Phalaena (Geometra) betularia Linnaeus, 1758 Phalaena (Noctua) p-graecum Poda, 1761 marmoraria Sepp, 1792 Phalaena (Geometra) ulmaria Borkhausen, 1794 Eubyja betularia Amphidasis huberaria Ballion, 1866 Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria Millière, 1870 Eurbyjodonta concinna Warren, 1899 Biston cognataria alexandrina Wehrli, 1941 Biston (Eubyjodonta) huberaria tienschana Wehrli, 1941 Biston cognataria sinitibetica Wehrli, 1941

桦尺蛾（学名：Biston betularia），幼蟲又称桦尺蠖，是廣泛分布於歐、亞、北美三洲的夜行性尺蛾科物種[1]。桦尺蠖在演化论的科学发展史上有着重大的意义，其演化過程經常被援引作例子[2]。

分布

桦尺蠖在中國見於黑龍江、吉林、內蒙古、北京、河北、山西、山東、河南、寧夏、甘肅、青海、新疆、福建、四川、雲南及西藏；中國以外的有俄羅斯、蒙古、日本、北韓、南韓、尼泊爾、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、土庫曼斯坦、格魯吉亞、阿塞拜疆、亞美尼亞、歐洲及北美洲[3]。

演化

主条目：桦尺蠖的演化和工业黑化

Biston betularia betularia morpha typica, the white-bodied peppered moth.

Biston betularia betularia morpha carbonaria, the black-bodied peppered moth.

桦尺蠖的英文称为“斑点蛾”(peppered moth)，因19世纪中叶之前见到的桦尺蠖，都是浅灰色的翅膀上散布着一些黑色斑点。桦尺蠖在過去二百多年間的演化過程常常被深入研究。 1848年，首次采集到了黑色翅膀的桦尺蠖标本。

英国生物学家凯特·威尔（Bernard Kettlewell）、麦克·马杰鲁斯（Michael Majerus）等用实验证明了黑蛾的大量出现是鸟类的选择的结果（自然选择），而非煤烟等物质的定向诱导（拉马克主义）。

圖庫

• 
  Subspecies parva male
• 
  Subspecies parva female
• 
  Subspecies nepalensis male
• 
  Subspecies nepalensis female

參考資料

1. Grant, Bruce S; Majerus, Michael E. N. Fine tuning the peppered moth paradigm (PDF). Evolution. 1999, 53 (3): 980–4 [2013-03-22]. doi:10.2307/2640740. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-24）. 
2. Alan Gishlick. Icon 6 — Peppered Moths. National Center for Science Education. 2006-11-23 [2009-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-05） （英语）. 
3. Hongxiang Han, Nan Jiang, Dayong Xue. A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species. ZooKeys. 2011-10-25, 139: 45–96 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1313-2970. doi:10.3897/zookeys.139.1308. （原始内容存档于2018-06-11） （英语）. 

外部链接

• Bruce Grant has written several papers on melanism in the peppered moth which are listed on his home page （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
• Online lecture: "The rise and fall of the melanic Peppered Moth" presented by Laurence Cook.
• Matt Young. Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth remains an Icon of Evolution. Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines. [2009-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-16）. 
• The Peppered Moth: Decline of a Darwinian Disciple. This is the transcript of Michael Majerus' lecture delivered to the British Humanist Association on Darwin Day 2004.
• The Peppered Moth: The Proof of Darwinian Evolution. This is the transcript of Majerus' lecture given at the European Society for Evolutionary Biology meeting on 23 August 2007. The accompanying powerpoint presentation is also available as a pdf file.
• Majerus, Michael E. N. Industrial Melanism in the Peppered Moth, Biston betularia: An Excellent Teaching Example of Darwinian Evolution in Action. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 6 December 2008, 2 (1): 63–74 [2010-04-20]. doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0107-y. （原始内容存档于2019-09-02）. Accusations of data fudging and scientific fraud in the case are found to be vacuous. 
• An interactive game to simulate how evolution works with Biston betularia