扎格柔斯或譯為扎格列欧斯、扎格留斯、匝格瑞俄斯(Zagreus,希腊语:Ζαγρεύς),有時祂被認定為俄耳甫斯教信徒所膜拜的神祇,是最初的酒神,乃宙斯與珀耳塞福涅所生之子,曾遭受提坦的支解並且又獲重生。[1]最早提及扎格柔斯的神話中,祂與大地女神蓋亞是婚配關係並被尊為“至高”之神,不過有可能僅僅在指祂是冥界神祇中地位崇高者。然而埃斯庫羅斯卻把黑帝斯與扎格柔斯關係作了聯繫,認為祂可能為黑帝斯之子,亦或與黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。[2]值得注意的是“黑帝斯被認定成宙斯在陰間的另一神格(Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios[3] alter ego)”,有「陰間宙斯」稱號,提摩西·甘茨(英语:Timothy Gantz)(Timothy Gantz)則假設最初扎格柔斯可能是黑帝斯與珀耳塞福涅之子,後來與俄耳甫斯教神祇狄俄倪索斯(本身為宙斯和珀耳塞福涅之子)身分等同。[4]
詞源
有關扎格柔斯原文──Zagreus的來源,正如同卡爾·克雷尼(英语:Károly Kerényi)(Karl Kerényi)根據赫西丘斯訓詁(the Hesychian gloss)[5]所解釋的那樣:愛奧尼亞希臘語中捕捉活獵物的獵人被稱為zagreus,而zagre這字根其意思是“捕捉活獵物的坑(pit for the capture of live animals)”。[6]克雷尼這麼說道“我們可以合理來質問,為何如此神話般偉大獵人,乃野生動物捕捉者而非屠殺者,到希臘卻轉變成冥界的神秘神靈呢?(We may justifiably ask, why was this great mythical hunter, who in Greece became a mysterious god of the underworld, a capturer of wild animals and not a killer?)”[7]克雷尼也將扎格柔斯形象與古老酒神儀式聯繫起來,認為小動物遭肢解被生啖其肉,“此非希臘酒神教派作風,而是史前宗教儀式轉化或遺留之習俗(not as an emanation of the Greek Dionysian religion, but rather as a migration or survival of a prehistoric rite)”。[8][9]
顯然地,對於埃斯庫羅斯而言扎格柔斯實質上就是冥界神靈。在埃斯庫羅斯失傳劇作《西西弗斯》(Sisyphus,約西元前五世紀)當中的一段詩句談到,扎格柔斯似乎是黑帝斯之子,[12]但在埃斯庫羅另一作品《埃及人》(Aigyptioi)裡,扎格柔斯看來又被認為與黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。[13]從歐里庇得斯遺佚劇作《克里特人》(Cretan Men or Kretes)片段中,歌隊將他們自己描述為伊達山(英语:Mount Ida (Crete))宙斯(希臘神話中,伊達山有一處宙斯出生的穴窟──伊达洞府〔Idaean Cave〕,此山被視作祂母親提坦既時光女神──雷亞聖地)啟蒙者以及“夜遊扎格柔斯,執行祂生肉盛宴(night-ranging Zagreus, performing his feasts of raw flesh)”儀式的司祭。[14][9]
^Alcmeonis(英语:Alcmeonis) fr. 3. According to West 2003, p. 41 n. 17: "The line perhaps comes from a prayer in which Alcmaon called upon the powers of the earth to send up his father Amphiaraus."
^According to Gantz, p. 118, 'Orphic sources preserved seem not to use the name "Zagreus", and according to West 1983, p. 153, the 'name was probably not used in the Orphic narrative'. Edmonds 1999, p. 37 n. 6 says: 'Lobeck 1892 seems to be responsible for the use of the name Zagreus for the Orphic Dionysos. As Linforth noticed, "It is a curious thing that the name Zagreus does not appear in any Orphic poem or fragment, nor is it used by any author who refers to Orpheus" (Linforth 1941:311 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)). In his reconstruction of the story, however, Lobeck made extensive use of the fifth-century CE epic of Nonnos, who does use the name Zagreus, and later scholars followed his cue. The association of Dionysos with Zagreus appears first explicitly in a fragment of Callimachus preserved in the Etymologicum Magnum (fr. 43.117 P), with a possible earlier precedent in the fragment from Euripides Cretans (fr. 472 Nauck). Earlier evidence, however, (e.g., Alkmaionis fr. 3 PEG; Aeschylus frr. 5, 228) suggests that Zagreus was often identified with other deities.'
^What 'Hades' Can Teach Us About Ancient Greek Masculinity. Wired. January 16, 2021 [2021-09-20]. ISSN 1059-1028. (原始内容存档于2022-12-04) (美国英语). Hades focuses on Zagreus, who plays such a minor role in myth that, as the titular god of the underworld’s son, he makes a great canvas to fill in for the player character.
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