往复式发动机

四冲程循环活塞发动机的典型构成。(E) 排气凸轮轴
(I)进气凸轮轴
(S)火花塞
(V)汽門
(P)活塞
(R)引擎連桿英语Connecting rod
(C)曲轴
(W)水冷的水套。

往復式发动机(英語:reciprocating engine)亦稱活塞发动机piston engine),是一种利用一个或者多个活塞压力转换成旋转动能的发动机

最常用的往復式发动机是利用汽油或者柴油燃料产生压力的。通常都不止一个活塞,每个活塞都在气缸内,透過進氣口的汽門開啟使燃料-空气混合物被注入其内,當活塞上升到上止點時再藉由火星塞將其点燃。 热气膨胀,推动活塞向后运动。活塞的这种直线运动通过连杆和曲轴转换成圆周运动。这种发动机经常被通称为内燃机,尽管内燃机并不必须包括活塞。[1] [2]

歷史

往复式发动机現今仍為陸地上交通工具,如汽車機車、非電氣化火車等所主要使用的內燃引擎。

早期的飛機常使用的星型引擎也是往复式发动机,但現今大多數飛機已改用渦輪發動機

性能指标

排量

排量就是气缸容积。

排量越大意味着能吸入更多的油气混合燃气,单次做功时的爆炸能量就更大。

公式:汽缸半徑2*圓周率*行程長度*缸數

例如:四缸发动机的缸(直)径80毫米,行程90毫米,那么其排量是:

 40(半径)2 * 3.14 * 90(行程)* 4(缸数)=452160毫米3 * 4=1.8L

行程

行程是活塞运动时上止点和下止点的距离。

行程越大,連桿的运动幅度也就越大,因此曲軸銷英语crankpin曲轴中心的距离(曲轴臂长度)越大。即:行程越大,则曲轴的力臂越长,发动机输出的扭矩越大但转速越低。

曲轴旋转一周,长行程发动机活塞往复运动的距离比短行程发动机活塞更远,因此需时间更长,即曲轴转速相对更低。这造成在单位时间内发动机的做工冲程(油气混合后爆炸)的次数低,所以发动机的功率会更低。

行程相对较短的发动机注重高转速大功率,而长行程发动机侧重输出更大扭矩

註釋

  1. ^ Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Yunus A. Cengal and Michael A. Boles
  2. ^ 汽車學原理與實務(第二版). [2021-12-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-17). 

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