嬰兒猝死症(Sudden infant death syndrome, cot death, crib death,簡稱SIDS),是指嬰兒在一歲之前突然無預期死亡的現象[1],且在死後進行驗屍與詳細現場調查後仍找不出死因的情形下才能判定為此症[4]。通常嬰兒猝死症通常多發生於睡眠期[2],發生時段多為0時至9時之間[8],通常並無證據顯示死前有掙扎或發出聲音的情況[9]。
造成嬰兒猝死的確切原因仍不清楚[3],目前認為可能是嬰兒原本的體質與易感性、一段時間的疾病發展、以及環境壓力源等多重因子共同造成的結果[2][3]。所謂的環境壓力源,包括了趴睡、側睡、保溫箱溫度過高等環境過度加溫、暴露在吸菸(英语:List of cigarette smoke carcinogens)環境中[3]。有時嬰兒與父母親同睡(英语:Co-sleeping)時也有可能會不小心被壓到而導致窒息[2]。另外,早產嬰兒也較易產生嬰兒猝死症[7]。嬰兒突然且非預期死亡(sudden and unexpected infant deaths, SUIDS)的個案中,有80%可歸因於嬰兒猝死症,剩下則包括感染、遺傳性疾病、心臟疾病;至於蓄意使嬰兒窒息的虐待兒童行為而誤以為是嬰兒猝死症的案例則不多,約小於5%[2]。
例如,患有中鏈乙醯輔酶A脫氫酶缺乏症(MCADD)的孩童可能死於「典型嬰兒猝死症」,因在其父母吸菸(英语:Smoking and pregnancy)時被襁褓包裹、頭部被包裹、並且身處於一個過熱的房間。儘管先前有基因檢測提示嬰兒易罹患中鏈乙醯輔酶A脫氫酶缺乏症,並且還有長QT症候群的診斷;嬰兒死於典型嬰兒猝死症的可能性仍無法降低。因此,若患兒帶有與相關疾病有關的基因,則會導致病理醫師難以判斷其死因:例如若患兒帶有中鏈乙醯輔酶A脫氫酶缺乏症的相關基因,患兒既可能死於典型嬰兒猝死症也可死於中鏈乙醯輔酶A脫氫酶缺乏症,而目前尚無分辨方法。
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^Bajanowski T.; Brinkmann B.; Mitchell E.; Vennemann M.; Leukel H.; Larsch K.; Beike J.; Gesid G. Nicotine and cotinine in infants dying from sudden infant death syndrome. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2008, 122 (1): 23–28. PMID 17285322. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0155-9.
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書籍與其他資料
張哲宏(2013)(譯)。人類行為與社會環境三版(原作:Craig Winston LeCroy&Jose B. Ashford)。台北,雙葉書廊。
McKenna JJ, Mosko SS, Richard CA. Bedsharing promotes breastfeeding.Pediatrics. 1997 100(2 Pt 1):214-9.
Scragg LK, Mitchell EA, Tonkin SL, Evaluation of the cot death prevention programme in South Auckland. N Z Med J. 1993; 106:8-10
Ottaviani, G. Crib death – Sudden infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Sudden infant and perinatal unexplained death: the pathologist's viewpoint. Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. 2014. ISBN 978-3-319-08346-9.