天鵝座α型變星是顯示出非徑向脈動的變星,意味著當恆星表面有些地方收縮時,而同時也有些地方是擴張的[1]。它們是光譜類型B或A的超巨星,亮度變化在0.1視星等,並與脈動相關聯,而由於和多脈動週期的節拍相關聯,因而通常是不規則變星。脈衝週期通常有幾天到幾個星期的周期。
這種變星的原型是天津四(天鵝座α),顯示的亮度在1.21 和 +1.29 之間波動。眾所周知很多在早期的超巨星都有小幅快速的變動,但之前它們未被歸為一類,直到1985年的變星總表第四版才收錄為變星的一種,縮寫的字母為ACYG(Alpha Cygni variable stars)[2]。許多高光度藍變星(LBVs)在它們平靜(熱)階段顯示出天鵝座α型變星的型態,但在這種情況下一般仍使用LBV的分類。
克裡斯托費爾(Christoffel Waelkens)和他的同事在1998年的研究,分析依巴谷衛星的資料,發現了大量(32)此類變星[3]。
脈動
還不完全清楚天鵝座α型變星的脈動,它們並不限於窄幅的溫度和光度脈動星的方式。可以是最明亮的A和B超巨星,也可能是O和F的恆星,顯示某種不可預知的小規模(尺度)脈動類型。非絕熱過程的奇怪模式逕向脈動只顯現在最明亮的超巨星。通過假設它們是低質量的後紅超巨星,低明亮的超巨星也有脈動模式,但多數的天鵝座α型變星似乎未顯現經歷過紅巨星的階段[4][5]。
賣有可能誘發κ機制,造成鐵不透明度的變化,產生觀測上奇怪的短週期逕向和非逕向脈動方式。非絕熱的G-模式可能會產生較長的週期變化,但這些均未在天鵝座α型變星上觀測到[6]。
列表
銀河系的
名稱
|
星座
|
發現
|
最大視星等 (mV)[7]
|
最小視星等 (mV)[7]
|
週期(天)
|
光譜類型
|
發光度
|
註解
|
CE Cam (HD 21389)
|
鹿豹座
|
Percy & Welsh (1983)[8]
|
4m.54
|
|
|
A0Iab
|
63,000[9]
|
|
CS Cam
|
鹿豹座
|
|
4m.259
|
|
|
B9Ia
|
|
|
大犬座η(Aludra)
|
大犬座
|
Kazarovets et al. (1999)[10]
|
2m.38
|
2m.48
|
4.70433
|
B5Ia
|
105,000[9]
|
|
大犬座ο2
|
大犬座
|
Waelkens et al. (1998)[3]
|
2m.98
|
3m.04
|
24.44
|
B3Ia
|
219,000[11]
|
|
仙后座κ
|
仙后座
|
Percy & Welsh (1983)[8]
|
4m.12
|
4m.21
|
2.64690
|
B1Ia
|
331,000[11]
|
|
半人馬座ο2
|
半人馬座
|
|
5m.12
|
5m.22
|
46.3
|
A2Ia
|
136,000[12]
|
|
仙王座ν
|
仙王座
|
Percy & Welsh (1983)[8]
|
4m.25
|
4m.35
|
|
A2 Iab
|
254,000[9]
|
|
南十字座DL
|
南十字座
|
Waelkens et al. (1998)[3]
|
6m.24
|
6m.28
|
2.8778
|
B1.5Ia
|
242,000[13]
|
|
天津四[5]
|
天鵝座
|
Lee (1910)[14]
|
1m.21
|
1m.29
|
|
A2 Ia
|
196,000[15]
|
原型
|
天鵝座σ
|
天鵝座
|
Abt (1957)[16]
|
4m.19
|
4m.26
|
120.2
|
B9 Iab
|
39,000[17]
|
|
雙子座3
|
雙子座
|
Waelkens et al. (1998)[3]
|
5m.75
|
|
13.70
|
B3 Ia
|
200,000[18]
|
|
獅子座ρ
|
獅子座
|
Olsen (1974)[19]
|
3m.83
|
3m.9
|
3.4271
|
B1Iab
|
295,000[11]
|
|
參宿七[5]
|
獵戶座
|
Waelkens et al. (1998)[3]
|
0m.17
|
0m.22
|
2.0748
|
B8Ia
|
279,000[20]
218,000[21]
|
Brightest member
|
ε Ori(Alnilam)
|
獵戶座
|
Cousins (1960)[22]
|
1m.64
|
1m.74
|
2.0748
|
B0.5Iabea
|
275,000[11]
537,000[23]
|
|
獵戶座χ2(Rigel)
|
獵戶座
|
Waelkens et al. (1998)[3]
|
4m.68
|
4m.72
|
2.8682
|
B2Ia
|
446,000[11]
|
|
其他星系
參考資料
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- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Percy, J. R.; Welch, D. L. Photometric variability of B- and A-type supergiants. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1983, 95: 491. Bibcode:1983PASP...95..491P. ISSN 0004-6280. doi:10.1086/131198.
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- ^ Kazarovets, E. V.; Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; Frolov, M. S.; Antipin, S. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. The 74th Special Name-list of Variable Stars. Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 1999, 4659: 1. Bibcode:1999IBVS.4659....1K.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Walborn, N. R. Physical parameters and wind properties of galactic early B supergiants. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2006, 446: 279. Bibcode:2006A&A...446..279C. arXiv:astro-ph/0509436 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053685.
- ^ Kaufer, A.; Stahl, O.; Wolf, B.; Gaeng, T.; Gummersbach, C. A.; Kovacs, J.; Mandel, H.; Szeifert, T. Long-term spectroscopic monitoring of BA-type supergiants. I. Halpha_ line-profile variability.. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1996, 305: 887–901. Bibcode:1996A&A...305..887K.
- ^ Lamers, Henny J. G. L. M.; Snow, Theodore P.; Lindholm, Douglas M. Terminal Velocities and the Bistability of Stellar Winds. The Astrophysical Journal. 1995, 455: 269. Bibcode:1995ApJ...455..269L. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/176575.
- ^ Lee, O. J. Four stars having variable radial velocities.. The Astrophysical Journal. 1910, 31: 176. Bibcode:1910ApJ....31..176L. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/141741.
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Schiller, F.; Przybilla, N. Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2008, 479 (3): 849–858. Bibcode:2008A&A...479..849S. arXiv:0712.0040 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078590.
- ^ Abt, Helmut A. The Variability of Supergiants.. The Astrophysical Journal. 1957, 126: 138. Bibcode:1957ApJ...126..138A. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/146379.
- ^ Markova, N.; Puls, J. Bright OB stars in the Galaxy. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 478 (3): 823–842. Bibcode:2008A&A...478..823M. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:0711.1110 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077919.
- ^ Kudritzki, R. P.; Puls, J.; Lennon, D. J.; Venn, K. A.; Reetz, J.; Najarro, F.; McCarthy, J. K.; Herrero, A. The wind momentum-luminosity relationship of galactic A- and B-supergiants. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1999, 350: 970. Bibcode:1999A&A...350..970K. arXiv:astro-ph/9910449 .
- ^ Olsen, E. H. Variable Stars among the Four-Colour (uvby) Standard Stars. Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 1974, 925: 1. Bibcode:1974IBVS..925....1O.
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- ^ Przybilla, N.; et al. Quantitative spectroscopy of BA-type supergiants. Astronomy and Astrophysics. January 2006, 445 (3): 1099–1126. Bibcode:2006A&A...445.1099P. arXiv:astro-ph/0509669 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053832.
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Samus N.N., Durlevich O.V., et al. Combined General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS4.2, 2004 Ed.)
|