自19世紀晚期開始,有人建議將此區劃設為國家公園保護,而大提頓國家公園終於在1929年成立,保護範圍包括提頓山脈的主要山峰,此時傑克遜谷大多還屬於私有地。到了1930年代,由小约翰·D·洛克菲勒帶領的環保人士開始購買傑克遜谷的土地,以加入到公園範圍內。雖然有民眾對此表達反對,國會也多次試圖阻止,大部分的傑克遜谷還是在1943年被加到了傑克遜谷國家紀念區(英语:Jackson Hole National Monument)內。紀念區在1950年廢除,但土地幾乎都移交給了大提頓國家公園。
公園的名稱來自於提頓山脈(英语:Teton Range)的最高峰大提頓山。這座山的名字是來自19世紀捕獸人所取的法語名「les trois tétons」(三個胸部),後來轉化為英語並縮減為「Tetons」。大提頓山海拔4,199公尺(13,775英尺),山峰陡峭地立於傑克遜谷上方2,100公尺(7,000英尺),也比第二高峰歐文山高出260公尺(850英尺)。公園內有許多湖泊和河流,包括24公里(15英里)長的傑克遜湖(英语:Jackson Lake (Wyoming)),以及蛇河主幹的上游。山脈頂端有數十座小型冰川,但持續融化當中。公園內發現最古老的石頭來自27億年前,也是所有美國國家公園內最老的。
傑克遜谷北方的黃石國家公園早在1872年就成立。到19世紀末,有不少環保主義人士提議將公園範圍擴大,將提頓山脈包含在內[27][28]。1907年,為了調節灌溉水流,美國墾務局在傑克遜湖與蛇河交接處建造了一座木製水壩。雖然木製水壩在1910年就潰堤,但新水泥製的傑克遜湖水壩(英语:Jackson Lake Dam)在1911年建成。水壩在1916年因米尼多卡計畫(英语:Minidoka Project)而擴建,水位提高了12公尺(39英尺),能提供愛達荷州的灌溉用水[29][30]。提頓山脈的其他水壩建造計畫引起了黃石公園主任賀拉斯·歐布萊特(英语:Horace M. Albright)的注意,並極力阻擋計畫進行[31]。傑克遜谷居民反對黃石公園擴張,但支持建立全新的國家公園,範圍包含提頓山脈和山腳下的六座湖泊。1929年2月26日,柯立芝總統簽署國會通過的行政命令,建立39,000公頃(96,000英畝)的大提頓國家公園[32]。
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