加拿大是一个多语言国家,很多种语言在加拿大都有很多人口使用。包括了加拿大原住民(第一民族,因纽特人和梅蒂人等)的多种语言、各国移民带来的语言、当地方言和混合的语言。加拿大政府承认两种官方语言,即英语和法语,其中法語被定為「國語」,全國的通用语言則為英語。官方层面对法语的使用主要体现在加拿大国歌、英联邦皇室颂歌的前半段、荣誉制度和军事口令都是使用法语。加拿大政府各级机构同时提供英法两种语言的服务,亦鼓励新移民学习法语,支持法语学习和扶植法语文化。在各省之中,明确将法语作为第一语言的仅有魁北克一省,而其他省份虽然在公共场合下皆以英法双语标注所有标识,但并不广泛使用法语。英语的拼写方法以英国英语为准,但发音以美国英语为准,为行政和教育体系中所有科目的教学媒介语。
根据2016年的估计,以英语和法语为母语的加拿大人分别占56.0%和20.6%。[1]掌握英语的人口占到了总人口比例86.2%,而掌握法语的人口则约占29.8%。[2]在《官方语言法令》和《加拿大权利与自由宪章》第十六条中,英语和法语均被认可为官方语言,这意味着加拿大的所有法案均以两种语言颁布,政府机构也必须同时提供这两种语言的服务。在加拿大的行政区划中,魁北克仅以法语为官方语言,新不伦瑞克是唯一一个同时以英语和法语为官方语言的省,其它省均以英语为官方语言。
加拿大的语言多样性不仅体现在这两种官方语言上。大约610万加拿大人(约占全体加拿大人的18%)的母语或第一语言既不是英语也不是法语,通常这些人是第一代移民。大约有350万加拿大人无论在家庭还是在社会中通常不使用英语或法语。
加拿大也是许多种美洲原住民语的故乡,但使用人口占加拿大总人口的1%不到。除此以外,乌克兰语和粤语在加拿大也有超过50万人的使用人口。
母語人數統計
母語統計 2016 人口普查 |
母語 |
|
比例 |
英语 |
|
55.97% |
法语 |
|
20.61% |
其他語言 |
|
21.06% |
英语及法语 |
|
0.48% |
母語
|
2016年加拿大人口普查
|
2011年加拿大人口普查
|
2006年加拿大人口普查
|
Notes
|
种群
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
回答"只有一種母語" |
33,947,610 |
97.64% |
32,481,635 |
98.07% |
30,848,270 |
98.74% |
|
英語或法語 |
26,627,545 |
76.59% |
25,913,955 |
78.24% |
24,700,425 |
79.06% |
|
英语 |
19,460,855 |
55.97% |
18,858,980 |
56.94% |
17,882,775 |
57.24% |
|
法语 |
7,166,700 |
20.61% |
7,054,975 |
21.3% |
6,817,650 |
21.82% |
|
英語及法語以外的語言 |
7,321,070 |
21.06% |
6,567,680 |
19.83% |
6,147,840 |
19.68% |
|
汉语 |
1,227,680 |
3.53% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan
|
官话 (現代標準漢語) |
592,035 |
1.7% |
248,705 |
0.75% |
170,950 |
0.55% |
|
广州话 |
565,275 |
1.63% |
372,460 |
1.12% |
361,450 |
1.16% |
|
旁遮普語 |
501,680 |
1.44% |
430,705 |
1.3% |
367,505 |
1.18% |
|
西班牙语 |
458,850 |
1.32% |
410,670 |
1.24% |
345,345 |
1.11% |
|
他加祿語 |
431,385 |
1.24% |
327,445 |
0.99% |
235,615 |
0.75% |
|
阿拉伯语 |
419,895 |
1.21% |
327,870 |
0.99% |
261,640 |
0.84% |
|
德语 |
384,040 |
1.1% |
409,200 |
1.24% |
450,570 |
1.44% |
|
意大利语 |
375,645 |
1.08% |
407,485 |
1.23% |
455,040 |
1.46% |
|
印度斯坦语 |
321,465 |
0.92% |
263,345 |
0.8% |
224,045 |
0.72% |
Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu
|
葡萄牙語 |
221,535 |
0.64% |
211,335 |
0.64% |
219,275 |
0.7% |
|
波斯语 (Farsi) |
214,200 |
0.62% |
170,045 |
0.51% |
134,080 |
0.43% |
|
乌尔都语 |
210,820 |
0.61% |
172,800 |
0.52% |
145,805 |
0.47% |
|
俄语 |
188,255 |
0.54% |
164,330 |
0.5% |
133,580 |
0.43% |
|
波兰语 |
181,705 |
0.52% |
191,645 |
0.58% |
211,175 |
0.68% |
|
越南语 |
156,430 |
0.45% |
144,880 |
0.44% |
141,625 |
0.45% |
|
朝鮮語 |
153,425 |
0.44% |
137,925 |
0.42% |
125,570 |
0.4% |
|
泰米尔语 |
140,720 |
0.4% |
131,265 |
0.4% |
115,880 |
0.37% |
Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto.
|
印地语 |
110,645 |
0.32% |
90,545 |
0.27% |
78,240 |
0.25% |
|
古吉拉特语 |
108,775 |
0.31% |
91,450 |
0.28% |
81,465 |
0.26% |
|
希腊语 |
106,520 |
0.31% |
108,925 |
0.33% |
117,285 |
0.38% |
|
乌克兰语 |
102,485 |
0.29% |
111,540 |
0.34% |
134,500 |
0.43% |
|
荷蘭語 |
99,015 |
0.28% |
110,490 |
0.33% |
128,900 |
0.41% |
|
羅馬尼亞語 |
96,660 |
0.28% |
90,300 |
0.27% |
78,495 |
0.25% |
|
孟加拉语 |
73,125 |
0.21% |
59,370 |
0.18% |
45,685 |
0.15% |
|
克里奧爾語 |
72,130 |
0.21% |
61,725 |
0.19% |
53,515 |
0.17% |
|
克里语, n.o.s.[nb 1] |
64,045 |
0.18% |
77,900 |
0.24% |
78,855 |
0.25% |
In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
|
匈牙利语 |
61,235 |
0.18% |
67,920 |
0.21% |
73,335 |
0.23% |
The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of 温莎 (安大略省).
|
柏柏尔语族 (卡拜爾語) |
n/a |
n/a |
57,855 |
0.17% |
25,578 |
0.08% |
|
塞尔维亚语 |
57,345 |
0.16% |
56,420 |
0.17% |
51,665 |
0.17% |
|
克罗地亚语 |
48,200 |
0.14% |
49,730 |
0.15% |
55,330 |
0.18% |
|
日语 |
43,640 |
0.13% |
39,985 |
0.12% |
40,200 |
0.13% |
|
汉语, n.o.s.[nb 1] |
38,575 |
0.11% |
425,210 |
1.28% |
456,705 |
1.46% |
|
索馬里語 |
36,760 |
0.11% |
31,380 |
0.09% |
27,320 |
0.09% |
|
伊努克提圖特語 |
35,215 |
0.1% |
33,500 |
0.1% |
32,015 |
0.1% |
In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.[nb 2]
|
亚美尼亚语 |
33,455 |
0.1% |
29,795 |
0.09% |
30,130 |
0.1% |
|
土耳其语 |
32,815 |
0.09% |
29,640 |
0.09% |
24,745 |
0.08% |
|
闽南语 |
31,795 |
0.09% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
马拉雅拉姆语 |
28,570 |
0.08% |
16,080 |
0.05% |
11,925 |
0.04% |
|
阿尔巴尼亚语 |
26,895 |
0.08% |
23,820 |
0.07% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
伊洛卡诺语 |
26,345 |
0.08% |
17,915 |
0.05% |
13,450 |
0.04% |
|
阿姆哈拉语 |
22,465 |
0.06% |
18,020 |
0.05% |
14,555 |
0.05% |
|
捷克语 |
22,295 |
0.06% |
23,585 |
0.07% |
24,450 |
0.08% |
|
高棉语 |
20,130 |
0.06% |
19,440 |
0.06% |
19,105 |
0.06% |
|
保加利亚语 |
20,020 |
0.06% |
19,050 |
0.06% |
16,790 |
0.05% |
|
希伯来语 |
19,530 |
0.06% |
18,450 |
0.06% |
17,635 |
0.06% |
|
尼日尔-刚果语系, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
19,140 |
0.06% |
14,075 |
0.04% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
尼泊尔语 |
18,275 |
0.05% |
8,480 |
0.03% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
奥吉布瓦语 |
17,885 |
0.05% |
17,625 |
0.05% |
24,190 |
0.08% |
|
斯洛伐克语 |
17,585 |
0.05% |
17,580 |
0.05% |
18,820 |
0.06% |
|
普什图语 |
16,910 |
0.05% |
12,465 |
0.04% |
9,025 |
0.03% |
|
马其顿语 |
16,770 |
0.05% |
17,245 |
0.05% |
18,435 |
0.06% |
|
提格利尼亞語 |
16,650 |
0.05% |
10,220 |
0.03% |
7,105 |
0.02% |
|
僧伽罗语 |
16,335 |
0.05% |
14,185 |
0.04% |
10,180 |
0.03% |
|
米沙鄢語支 |
n/a |
n/a |
16,240 |
0.05% |
11,240 |
0.04% |
|
泰卢固语 |
15,655 |
0.05% |
9,315 |
0.03% |
6,625 |
0.02% |
|
芬兰语 |
15,295 |
0.04% |
17,415 |
0.05% |
21,030 |
0.07% |
|
意第緒語 |
13,555 |
0.04% |
15,205 |
0.05% |
16,295 |
0.05% |
|
阿坎语 |
13,460 |
0.04% |
12,680 |
0.04% |
12,780 |
0.04% |
|
斯瓦希里语 |
13,375 |
0.04% |
10,090 |
0.03% |
7,935 |
0.03% |
|
吴语 (Shanghainese) |
12,920 |
0.04% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Oji-Cree |
12,855 |
0.04% |
9,835 |
0.03% |
11,690 |
0.04% |
|
老挝语 |
12,670 |
0.04% |
12,970 |
0.04% |
13,940 |
0.04% |
|
丹麦语 |
12,630 |
0.04% |
14,145 |
0.04% |
18,735 |
0.06% |
|
马来语 |
12,275 |
0.04% |
10,910 |
0.03% |
9,490 |
0.03% |
|
波斯尼亚语 |
12,210 |
0.04% |
11,685 |
0.04% |
12,790 |
0.04% |
|
信德语 |
11,860 |
0.03% |
11,330 |
0.03% |
10,355 |
0.03% |
|
庫爾德語 |
11,705 |
0.03% |
9,805 |
0.03% |
7,660 |
0.02% |
|
客家话 |
10,910 |
0.03% |
5,115 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Dene, n.o.s.[nb 1] |
10,700 |
0.03% |
11,215 |
0.03% |
9,745 |
0.03% |
|
南非語 |
10,260 |
0.03% |
8,770 |
0.03% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Montagnais (Innu) |
10,230 |
0.03% |
10,785 |
0.03% |
10,975 |
0.04% |
In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
|
斯洛文尼亚语 |
9,785 |
0.03% |
10,775 |
0.03% |
13,135 |
0.04% |
|
臺灣話 |
n/a |
n/a |
9,635 |
0.03% |
9,620 |
0.03% |
|
塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语 |
9,555 |
0.03% |
10,155 |
0.03% |
12,510 |
0.04% |
All varieties of Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian) combined would enumerate a total of 127,310 speakers (0.37% of total population).
|
非洲语言, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
n/a |
n/a |
9,125 |
0.03% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
泰语 |
9,255 |
0.03% |
7,935 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
马拉地语 |
8,295 |
0.02% |
5,830 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
班图语支, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
n/a |
n/a |
7,150 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
立陶宛语 |
7,075 |
0.02% |
7,245 |
0.02% |
8,335 |
0.03% |
|
瑞典語 |
6,840 |
0.02% |
7,350 |
0.02% |
8,220 |
0.03% |
|
Mi'kmaq |
6,690 |
0.02% |
7,635 |
0.02% |
7,365 |
0.02% |
|
Tibetan |
6,165 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
阿提卡米克语 |
6,150 |
0.02% |
5,820 |
0.02% |
5,250 |
0.02% |
|
加拿大苏格兰盖尔语 |
n/a |
n/a |
6,015 |
0.02% |
6,015 |
0.02% |
|
Fukien (福州話) |
n/a |
n/a |
5,925 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Rundi (隆迪语) |
5,845 |
0.02% |
3,975 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
马耳他语 |
5,565 |
0.02% |
6,220 |
0.02% |
6,405 |
0.02% |
|
爱沙尼亚语 |
5,445 |
0.02% |
6,385 |
0.02% |
8,240 |
0.03% |
|
拉脱维亚语 |
5,455 |
0.02% |
6,200 |
0.02% |
7,000 |
0.02% |
|
卢旺达语 (Rwanda) |
5,250 |
0.02% |
3,895 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
印度-伊朗语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
5,180 |
0.01% |
5,255 |
0.02% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
奧羅莫語 |
4,960 |
0.01% |
11,140 |
0.03% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
挪威语 |
4,615 |
0.01% |
5,800 |
0.02% |
7,225 |
0.02% |
|
藏語 |
n/a |
n/a |
4,640 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
汉藏语系, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
n/a |
n/a |
4,360 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
手語s, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
4,125 |
0.01% |
3,815 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Vlaams (弗拉芒语) |
3,895 |
0.01% |
4,690 |
0.01% |
5,660 |
0.02% |
|
林加拉语 |
3,810 |
0.01% |
3,085 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
缅甸语 |
3,585 |
0.01% |
2,985 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Stoney |
3,025 |
0.01% |
3,050 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
上海话 |
n/a |
n/a |
2,920 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
黑腳語 |
2,815 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
3,085 |
0.01% |
|
斯拉夫语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
2,420 |
0.01% |
3,630 |
0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
闪米特语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
2,155 |
0.01% |
16,970 |
0.05% |
n/a |
n/a |
|
弗里斯兰语 |
2,095 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
2,890 |
0.01% |
|
Dogrib (Tlicho) |
1,645 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
2,020 |
0.01% |
|
藏緬語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
1,405 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Siouan languages (Dakota/苏语) |
1,265 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
5,585 |
0.02% |
|
Algonquin |
1,260 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
1,920 |
0.01% |
|
苏格兰盖尔语 |
1,095 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
威尔士语 |
1,075 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Carrier |
1,030 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
1,560 |
<0.01% |
|
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) |
1,020 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
365 |
<0.01% |
|
摩和克語 |
985 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
290 |
<0.01% |
|
South Slavey |
950 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
1,605 |
0.01% |
Also known as Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé, or Dené Dháh.
|
Gitxsan (Gitksan) |
880 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
1,180 |
<0.01% |
|
North Slavey |
765 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
1,065 |
<0.01% |
Also known as Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́, K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́.
|
Tsilhqot'in |
655 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
1,070 |
<0.01% |
Also spelled Chilcotin.
|
凯尔特语族, n.i.e.[nb 2] |
530 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Dënësųłıné |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
525 |
<0.01% |
|
Michif |
465 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) |
445 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
935 |
<0.01% |
|
Nisga'a |
400 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
680 |
<0.01% |
|
Malecite |
300 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
535 |
<0.01% |
|
哥威迅语 |
260 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
360 |
<0.01% |
|
特林吉特語 |
95 |
<0.01% |
n/a |
n/a |
80 |
<0.01% |
|
其他語言 |
n/a |
n/a |
77,890 |
0.2% |
172,650 |
0.55% |
|
回答"有多種母語" |
818,640 |
2.35% |
639,540 |
1.9% |
392,760 |
1.26% |
|
英語及法語 |
165,335 |
0.48% |
144,685 |
0.4% |
98,630 |
0.32% |
|
英語及一種非法定語言 |
533,260 |
1.53% |
396,330 |
1.2% |
240,005 |
0.77% |
|
法語及一種非法定語言 |
86,145 |
0.25% |
74,430 |
0.2% |
43,335 |
0.14% |
|
英語、法語及一種非法定語言 |
33,900 |
0.1% |
24,095 |
0.07% |
10,790 |
0.03% |
|
總數[3][4][5] |
34,767,250 |
100% |
33,121,175 |
100% |
31,241,030 |
100% |
|
参考资料
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Mother tongue by age (Total), % distribution (2016) for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-08-02 [2019-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-12).
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Knowledge of official languages by age (Total), % distribution (2016) for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-08-02 [2019-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-25).
- ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada. Statistics Canada. August 2, 2017 [2024-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-15).
- ^ Census Profile. 8 February 2012 [May 18, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-16).
- ^ Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages, 2006年加拿大人口普查 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期July 1, 2013,.
|