อินันนา (อังกฤษ : Inanna ) เป็นเทพเจ้าสตรีในศาสนาเมโสโปเตเมียโบราณ มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับความรัก ความงาม เพศ สงคราม ความยุติธรรม และอำนาจทางการเมือง แรกเริ่มมีบูชาในซุเมอร์ และต่อมาชาวอักเคเดีย บาบิโลนและอัสซีเรียรับไปบูชาในพระนาม "อิชทาร์"
อินันนาเป็นเทพีอุปถัมภ์ของวิหารเออันนา ในนครอูรุก ซึ่งเป็นศูนย์กลางลัทธิบูชา ในยุคแรกของอินันนา ในอูรุกโบราณมีการบูชาอินันนาในสามรูป อินันนายามเช้า (Inana-UD/hud), อินันนายามเย็น (Inanna sig) และอินันนาผู้สูงศักดิ์ (Inanna NUN) สองรูปหลังนี้มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับดาวศุกร์ [ 6] [ 7] สิงโต และดวงดาวแปดแฉก สามีของอินันนาคือเทพดูมูซิด (หรือต่อมารู้จักในชื่อ ตัมมุซ; Tammuz)
พบอินันนาปรากฏในปรัมปราต่าง ๆ มากกว่าเทพเจ้าองค์ใด ๆ ในคติซูเมอร์ รวมถึงยังมีนามไวพจน์ต่าง ๆ มากมายเป็นพิเศษ เทียบเคียงได้กับเทพเนร์กัล
↑ Steinkeller, Piotr, "Archaic City Seals and the Question of Early Babylonian Unity" in Riches Hidden in Secret Places: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen, edited by Tzvi Abusch, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 249–258, 2002
↑ Szarzyńska, Krystyna, "Offerings for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 7–28, 1993
Abdi, Kamyar (2017). "Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court" . Dabir (Digital Archive of Brief Notes & Iran Review) . Irvine: Jordan Center for Persian Studies (3). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Ackerman, Susan (2006) [1989]. Day, Peggy Lynne (บ.ก.). Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel ISBN 978-0-8006-2393-7 Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2021). "On the origins of the god Ruḍaw and some remarks on the pre-Islamic North Arabian pantheon". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . Cambridge University Press (CUP). 31 (3): 559–571. doi :10.1017/s1356186321000043 . ISSN 1356-1863 . S2CID 233679011 . Alster, Bendt (2013). "Tammuz(/Dumuzi)" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Archi, Alfonso (2014). "The Anatolian fate-goddesses and their different traditions" . Diversity and Standardization . München: de Gruyter. pp. 1–26. doi :10.1524/9783050057576.1 . ISBN 978-3-05-005756-9 Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. , บ.ก. (2013). Goddesses in Context: On divine powers, roles, relationships, and gender in Mesopotamian textual and visual sources (PDF) . Academic Press Fribourg. ISBN 978-3-7278-1738-0 Assante, Julia (2003). "From whores to Hierodules: The historiographic invention of Mesopotamian female sex professionals". ใน Donahue, A.A.; Fullerton, Mark D. (บ.ก.). Ancient Art and Its Historiography . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–47. Attinger, Pascal (1988). "Inana et Ebih". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie . 3 : 164–195. Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2014). "The Role of Aštabi in the Song of Ullikummi and the eastern Mediterranean "failed god" stories" . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . University of Chicago Press. 73 (1): 95–103. doi :10.1086/674665 . ISSN 0022-2968 . S2CID 163770018 . Baring, Anne; Cashford, Jules (1991). The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an image ISBN 978-0-14-019292-6 Beckman, Gary (1998). "Ištar of Nineveh Reconsidered" . Journal of Cuneiform Studies . American Schools of Oriental Research. 50 : 1–10. doi :10.2307/1360026 . ISSN 0022-0256 . JSTOR 1360026 . S2CID 163362140 . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-07-28 . Beckman, Gary (1999). "The goddess Pirinkir and her ritual from Ḫattuša (CTH 644)". Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques . PERSEE Program. 24 (1): 25–39. doi :10.3406/ktema.1999.2206 . hdl :2027.42/77419 ISSN 0221-5896 . Beckman, Gary (2000). "Goddess Worship—Ancient and Modern" . A Wise and Discerning Mind: Essays in honor of Burke O. Long . Brown Judaic Studies. pp. 11–24. doi :10.2307/j.ctvzgb93t.9 . hdl :2027.42/77415 . ISBN 978-1-946527-90-5 JSTOR j.ctvzgb93t.9 . S2CID 190264355 . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Beckman, Gary (2002). "Babyloniaca hethitica: The "babilili-ritual" from Bogazköy (CTH 718)" . Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History . Penn State University Press. doi :10.5325/j.ctv1bxh36t.6 . Beckman, Gary (18–20 February 2010). "Primordial Obstetrics. "The Song of Emergence" (CTH 344)" . Hethitische Literatur: Überlieferungsprozesse, Textstrukturen, Ausdrucksformen, und Nachwirken . Symposiums über Hethitische Literatur: vom 18. bis 20. Februar 2010 in Bonn. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag (ตีพิมพ์ 2011). ISBN 978-3-86835-063-0 OCLC 768810899 . Behrens, H.; Klein, J. (1998). "Ninegalla" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Bertman, Stephen (2003). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1 Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An illustrated dictionary ISBN 978-0-7141-1705-8 Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament ISBN 978-0-8028-2330-4 Breitenberger, Barbara (2007). Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2 Ao Kurnugu, Terra sem Retorno (ภาษาโปรตุเกสแบบบราซิล). แปลโดย Jacyntho Lins Brandão. Curitiba: Kotter Editorial. 2019. p. 208. ISBN 978-65-80103-41-6 Brown, Peter Lancaster (1976). Megaliths, Myths and Men: An Introduction to Astro-Archaeology ISBN 978-0-8008-5187-3 Buckland, Raymond (2001). Wicca for Life: The way of the Craft – from birth to Summerland ISBN 978-0-8065-2455-9 Budin, Stephanie L. (2010). "Aphrodite Enoplion" . ใน Smith, Amy C.; Pickup, Sadie (บ.ก.). Brill's Companion to Aphrodite . Brill's Companions in Classical Studies (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Leiden, NL: Brill Publishers . pp. 85–86, 96, 100, 102–103, 112, 123, 125. ISBN 978-90-474-4450-3 Burkert, Walter (1982). Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520047709 Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9 Caton, Gary P. (14 May 2012). Venus retrograde Mountainastrologer.com . Astrology as if the Sky Matters. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-12 . Chicago, Judy (2007). The Dinner Party: From creation to preservation ISBN 978-1-85894-370-1 Choksi, M. (2014). "Ancient Mesopotamian Beliefs in the Afterlife" . World History Encyclopedia Collins, Paul (1994). "The Sumerian goddess Inanna (3400–2200 BCE)" . Papers from the Institute of Archaeology . UCL. 5 . doi :10.5334/pia.57 Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). "Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth" . KASKAL . 5 : 161–172. ISSN 1971-8608 . Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). Aphrodite Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6 Dalley, Stephanie (1989). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the flood, Gilgamesh, and others ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5 Day, John (2004). "Does the Old Testament refer to sacred prostitution, and did it actual exist in ancient Israel?". ใน McCarthy, Carmel; Healey, John F. (บ.ก.). Biblical and Near Eastern Essays: Studies in Honour of Kevin J. Cathcart ISBN 978-0-8264-6690-7 D'Costa, Krystal (31 March 2013). "Beyond Ishtar: The tradition of eggs at Easter: Don't believe every meme you encounter" . Anthropology in practice. Scientific American Dobson, Marcia W. D-S. (1992). "Ritual Death, Patriarchal Violence, and Female Relationships in the Hymns to Demeter and Inanna" . NWSA Journal . 4 (1): 42–58. JSTOR 4316175 . Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008). Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja . Warszawa: Agade. ISBN 978-83-87111-41-0 OCLC 263460607 . "Enheduanna: The exaltation of Inanna " . The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (translation). 2001. Inanna B.Fiore, Simon (1965). Voices from the Clay: The development of Assyro-Babylonian literature Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1980) [1959]. Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins ISBN 978-0-520-04106-6 Foxvog, D. (1993). "Astral Dumuzi". ใน Hallo, William W.; Cohen, Mark E.; Snell, Daniel C.; Weisberg, David B. (บ.ก.). The Tablet and the scroll: Near Eastern studies in honor of William W. Hallo (2nd ed.). CDL Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-9620013-9-0 Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella (1983). "Kulitta, Ninatta und" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . George, Andrew, บ.ก. (1999). The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian epic poem and other texts in Akkadian and Sumerian . Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044919-1 George, Andrew R. (2006). "Review: The Sumerian Sacred Marriage in the Light of Comparative Evidence by Pirjo Lapinkivi" . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London . Cambridge University Press. 69 (2): 315–317. doi :10.1017/S0041977X06210140 . JSTOR 20182041 . S2CID 59020637 . George, Andrew R. (2015). "The Gods Išum and Ḫendursanga: Night Watchmen and Street-lighting in Babylonia" . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 74 (1): 1–8. doi :10.1086/679387 . ISSN 0022-2968 . S2CID 161546618 . Grabbe, Lester L. (1997). "Can a "History of Israel" be written?" . The Library of Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Studies . Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. 245 . ISBN 978-0-567-04320-7 Graz, F. (1984). Eck, W. (บ.ก.). "Women, War, and Warlike Divinities". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik . Bonn, Germany: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. 55 (55): 245–254. JSTOR 20184039 . Green, Alberto R.W. (2003). The Storm-God in the Ancient Near East ISBN 978-1-57506-069-9 Guirand, Felix (1968). "Assyro-Babylonian mythology". New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology . แปลโดย Aldington; Ames. London, UK: Hamlyn . pp. 49–72. Healey, John (2001). The religion of the Nabataeans: a conspectus ISBN 90-04-10754-1 OCLC 43185847 . Hallo, William W. (2010). The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres ISBN 978-90-04-17381-1 Halloran, John A. (2009). "Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0" . Harris, Rivkah (February 1991). "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites". History of Religions . 30 (3): 261–278. doi :10.1086/463228 . JSTOR 1062957 . S2CID 162322517 . Heffron, Yağmur (2016a). Inana / Ištar (goddess) . Penn Museum. Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses (Report). Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. University of Pennsylvania. Heimpel, Wolfgang (1998). "Ninsiana" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Henkelman, Wouter F.M. (2008). The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts . Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. ISBN 978-90-6258-414-7 Hislop, Alexander (1903) [1853]. The Two Babylons: The papal worship proved to be the worship of Nimrod and his wife (3rd ed.). S.W. Partridge. Hoffner, Harry (1998). Hittite myths ISBN 978-0-7885-0488-4 OCLC 39455874 . Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976). The Treasures of Darkness: A history of Mesopotamian religion ISBN 978-0-300-02291-9 Iossif, Panagiotis; Lorber, Catharine (2007). "Laodikai and the goddess Nikephoros". L'Antiquité Classique . 76 : 63–88. doi :10.3406/antiq.2007.2618 . ISSN 0770-2817 . JSTOR 41665635 . Karahashi, Fumi (April 2004). "Fighting the mountain: Some observations on the Sumerian myths of Inanna and Ninurta" . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 63 (2): 111–118. doi :10.1086/422302 . JSTOR 422302 . S2CID 161211611 . Katz, Dina (1996). "How Dumuzi became Inanna's victim: On the formation of Inanna's Descent " . Acta Sumerologica . Dept. of Linguistics, University of Hiroshima. 18 : 93–103. Katz, Dina (2015). "Myth and ritual through tradition and innovation" . Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East . Penn State University Press. pp. 59–74. doi :10.1515/9781575063584-007 . ISBN 9781575063584 Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1971). "How was Queen Ereshkigal tricked? A new interpretation of the Descent of Ishtar ". Ugarit-Forschungen . 3 : 299–309. Kleiner, Fred (2005). Gardner's Art Through the Ages . Belmont, California: Thompson Learning, Inc. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-15-505090-7 Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961). Sumerian Mythology: A study of spiritual and literary achievement in the third millennium B.C. ISBN 978-0-8122-1047-7 Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8 Kramer, Samuel Noah (October 1966). "Dumuzi's annual resurrection: An important correction to Inanna's Descent " . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 183 (183): 31. doi :10.2307/1356459 . JSTOR 1356459 . S2CID 163544444 . Kramer, Samuel Noah (28 April 1970). The Sacred Marriage Rite . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35035-0 Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-nine firsts in recorded history ISBN 978-0-8122-1276-1 Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987). "Lulal / Lātarāk" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-06 . Leick, Gwendolyn (1998) [1991]. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology ISBN 978-0-415-19811-0 Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994]. Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature ISBN 978-1-134-92074-7 Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018). The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A sourcebook with commentaries ISBN 978-1-315-20160-3 Litke, Richard L. (1998). A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:d A-nu-umm and AN:Anu šá Ameli (PDF) . New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. ISBN 978-0-9667495-0-2 OCLC 470337605 . [ลิงก์เสีย Lung, Tang (2014). "Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi" . World History Encyclopedia Liungman, Carl G. (2004). Symbols: Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms . Lidingö, Sweden: HME Publishing. ISBN 978-91-972705-0-2 Maeda, Tohru (1981). " . Orient . The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan. 17 : 1–17. doi :10.5356/orient1960.17.1 ISSN 1884-1392 . Marcovich, Miroslav (1996). "From Ishtar to Aphrodite". Journal of Aesthetic Education . 39 (2): 43–59. doi :10.2307/3333191 . JSTOR 3333191 . Mcllhenny, Albert M. (2011). This is the Sun?: Zeitgeist and ReligionISBN 978-1-105-33967-7 Meyer, Michael R. (n.d.). "Venus Morning Star - Venus Evening Star" . Astro.com . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-12 . Murat, Leyla (2009). "Goddess Išhara" . Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi . 45 . Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6 Penglase, Charles (1994). Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and influence in the Homeric hymns and Hesiod ISBN 978-0-415-15706-3 Peterson, Jeremiah (2010). "A fragmentary Erotic Sumerian Context Featuring Inana" . Aula orientalis: Revista de estudios del Próximo Oriente Antiguo . 28 (2): 253–258. ISSN 0212-5730 . Piveteau, Jean (1981) [1964]. "Man before history" The Larousse Encyclopedia of Ancient and Medieval History . New York, NY: Excaliber Books. ISBN 978-0-89673-083-0 Potts, Daniel T. (2010). "Appendix 2: Catalogue of Elamite sources" . From the Foundations to the Crenellations: Essays on temple building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible . Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-031-9 OCLC 618338811 . Pryke, Louise M. (2017). Ishtar ISBN 978-1-138-86073-5 Puhvel, Jaan (1987). Comparative Mythology ISBN 978-0-8018-3938-2 Retsö, Jan (2014). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads . London New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-415-76003-4 OCLC 960211049 . Roscoe, Will; Murray, Stephen O. (1997). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature ISBN 978-0-8147-7467-0 Rountree, Kathryn (2017). Rountree, Kathryn (บ.ก.). Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism doi :10.1057/978-1-137-56200-5 . ISBN 978-1-137-57040-6 Rubio, Gonzalo (1999). "On the alleged "Pre-Sumerian substratum" . Journal of Cuneiform Studies . 51 : 1–16. doi :10.2307/1359726 . JSTOR 1359726 . S2CID 163985956 . Inana's descent to the nether world: translation . The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Report). Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford. 2001.Schwemer, Daniel (2007). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I" (PDF) . Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions . Brill. 7 (2): 121–168. doi :10.1163/156921207783876404 . ISSN 1569-2116 . Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5 Smith, Mark S. (2014). "Athtart in late Bronze Age Syrian texts" . Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar – Astarte – Aphrodite . Fribourg Göttingen: Academic Press Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-7278-1748-9 OCLC 881612038 . Stol, Martin (1998). "Nanaja" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-01 . Streck, Michael P.; Wasserman, Nathan (2013). "More light on Nanāya" (PDF) . Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie . Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 102 (2): 183–201. doi :10.1515/za-2012-0010 . ISSN 1613-1150 . S2CID 163386405 . Suter, Claudia E. (2014). "Human, divine, or both?: The Uruk Vase and the problem of ambiguity in early Mesopotamian visual arts" . ใน Feldman, Marian; Brown, Brian (บ.ก.). Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art . Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 545–568. ISBN 978-1-61451-035-2 Sweet, R. (1994). "A new look at the 'Sacred Marriage' in ancient Mesopotamia". ใน Robbins, E.; Sandahl, E. (บ.ก.). Corolla Torontonensis: Studies in Honour of Ronald Morton Smith . Toronto. pp. 85–104. Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447058858 Thomas, Paul (2007). "Re-imagining Inanna: The gendered re-appropriation of the ancient goddess in modern Goddess worship" . The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies . 6 : 53–69. doi :10.1558/pome.v6i1.53 . Thompson, Gary D. (2020). "The development, heyday, and demise of panbabylonism" . Westnet . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Tinney, Steve (April 2018). "Dumuzi's Dream revisited". Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 77 (1): 85–89. doi :10.1086/696146 . ISSN 0022-2968 . S2CID 165931671 . Tuite, Kevin (20 February 2004) [2000]. "The meaning of dæl : Symbolic and spatial associations of the south Caucasian goddess of game animals" (PDF) . Linguaculture: Studies in the interpenetration of language and culture. Essays to Honor Paul Friedrich . Montreal, Quebec: University of Montreal.van der Mierop, Marc (2007). A History of the Ancient Near East: 3,000–323 BCE . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-4911-2 Vanstiphout, H.L. (1984). "Inanna / Ishtar as a figure of controversy" . Struggles of Gods: Papers of the Groningen Work Group for the Study of the History of Religions . Berlin, DE: Mouton Publishers. 31 . ISBN 978-90-279-3460-4 Vanstiphout, Herman (2003). Epics of Sumerian Kings (PDF) . Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 49–96. ISBN 978-1-58983-083-7 Warner, Marina (2016) [1976]. Alone of All Her Sex: The myth and cult of the Virgin Mary ISBN 978-0-19-963994-6 West, M.L. (1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth ISBN 978-0-19-815221-7 Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1997). Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The texts ISBN 978-0-931464-85-0 Weston, Donna; Bennett, Andy (2013). Pop Pagans: Paganism and popular music ISBN 978-1-84465-647-9 Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1988). "An unrecognized synonym of Sumerian sukkal , "vizier" . Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie . Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 78 (2). doi :10.1515/zava.1988.78.2.225 . ISSN 0084-5299 . S2CID 161099846 . Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1997). "Transtigridian snake gods" . ใน Finkel, I.L.; Geller, M.J. (บ.ก.). Sumerian Gods and their Representations . STYX Publications. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9 Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1998). "Nackte Göttin A. Philologisch · Naked goddess A. Philological" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1999). "Nergal A. Philologisch · Nergal A. Philological" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (1999a). "Nin-ĝišzida" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-06 . Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (2001). "Nin-šubur" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-06 . Wiggermann, Frans A.M. (2010). "Sexualität A. In Mesopotamien · Sexuality A. In Mesopotamia" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-06 . Wiggins, Steve (2007). A reassessment of Asherah: With further considerations of the goddess ISBN 978-1-59333-717-9 OCLC 171049273 . Wilcke, Claus (1980). "Inanna / Ištar A. Mesopotamien. Philologisch · Inanna / Ištar A. Mesopotamia. Philological" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). The Hurrians ISBN 978-0-85668-442-5 OCLC 21036268 . Wilhelm, Gernot (2014). "Unterwelt, Unterweltsgottheiten C. In Anatolien" . Reallexikon der Assyriologie (ภาษาเยอรมัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-10 . Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna, Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her stories and hymns from Sumer ISBN 978-0-06-090854-6 Ziolkowski, Theodore (2012). Gilgamesh among Us: Modern encounters with the ancient epic ISBN 978-0-8014-5035-8 Zsolnay, Ilona (2009). "Do divine structures of gender mirror mortal structures of gender?". In the Wake of Tikva Frymer-Kensky . Gorgias Press. doi :10.31826/9781463219185-010 . Zsolnay, Ilona (2010). "Ištar, "goddess of war, pacifier of kings" : An analysis of Ištar's martial role in the maledictory sections of the Assyrian royal inscriptions" . City Administration in the Ancient Near East . 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-168-9 OCLC 759160119 .
