appel ('apple'; /a/), tale ('languages'; /ɑː/). Represents /a/ in closed syllables and /ɑː/ in stressed open syllables
á
/a/, /ɑ:/
ná (after)
ä
/a/, /ɑ:/
sebraägtig ('zebra-like'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable.
aa
/ɑː/
aap ('monkey', 'ape'). Only occurs in closed syllables.
aai
/ɑːi/
draai ('turn')
ae
/ɑːə/
vrae ('questions'); the vowels belong to two separate syllables
ai
/ai/
baie ('many', 'much' or 'very'), ai (expression of frustration or resignation)
b
/b/, /p/
boom ('tree')
c
/s/, /k/
Found only in borrowed words or proper nouns; the former pronunciation occurs before 'e', 'i', or 'y'; featured in the Latinate plural ending -ici (singular form -ikus)
ch
/ʃ/, /x/, /k/
chirurg ('surgeon'; /ʃ/; typically sj is used instead), chemie ('chemistry'; /x/), chitien ('chitin'; /k/). Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nouns
d
/d/, /t/
dag ('day'), deel ('part', 'divide', 'share')
dj
/d͡ʒ/, /k/
djati ('teak'), broodjie ('sandwich'). Used to transcribe foreign words for the former pronunciation, and in the diminutive suffix -djie for the latter in words ending with d
e
/e(ː)/, /æ(ː)/, /ɪə/, /ɪ/, /ə/
bed (/e/), mens ('person', /eː/) (lengthened before /n/) ete ('meal', /ɪə/ and /ə/ respectively), ek ('I', /æ/), berg ('mountain', /æː/) (lengthened before /r/). /ɪ/ is the unstressed allophone of /ɪə/
Found in loanwords (like crèche) and proper nouns (like Eugène) where the spelling was maintained, and in four non-loanwords: nè ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), dè ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)).
ê
/eː/, /æː/
sê ('to say'), wêreld ('world'), lêer ('file') (Allophonically /æː/ before /(ə)r/)
ë
-
Diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus ë, ëe and ëi are pronounced like 'e', 'ee' and 'ei', respectively
ee
/ɪə/
weet ('to know'), een ('one')
eeu
/ɪu/
leeu ('lion'), eeu ('century', 'age')
ei
/ei/
lei ('to lead')
eu
/ɪɵ/
seun ('son' or 'lad')
f
/f/
fiets ('bicycle')
g
/x/, /ɡ/
/ɡ/ exists as the allophone of /x/ if at the end of a root word preceded by a stressed single vowel + /r/ and suffixed with a schwa, e.g. berg ('mountain') is pronounced as /bæːrx/, and berge is pronounced as /bæːrɡə/
gh
/ɡ/
gholf ('golf'). Used for /ɡ/ when it is not an allophone of /x/; found only in borrowed words. If the h instead begins the next syllable, the two letters are pronounced separately.
h
/ɦ/
hael ('hail'), hond ('dog')
i
/i/, /ə/
kind ('child'; /ə/), ink ('ink'; /ə/), krisis ('crisis'; /i/ and /ə/ respectively), elektrisiteit ('electricity'; /i/ for all three; third 'i' is part of diphthong 'ei')
Found in words such as koöperasie ('co-operation'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus ö is pronounced the same as 'o' based on the following remainder of the word.
oe
/u(ː)/
boek ('book'), koers ('course', 'direction')
oei
/ui/
koei ('cow')
oo
/ʊə/
oom ('uncle' or 'sir')
ooi
/oːi/
mooi ('pretty', 'beautiful'), nooi ('invite')
ou
/ɵu/
By itself means ('guy'). Sometimes spelled ouw in loanwords and surnames, for example Louw.
p
/p/
pot ('pot'), pers ('purple' — or 'press' indicating the news media; the latter is often spelled with an <ê>)
q
/k/
Found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained; typically k is used instead
r
/r/
rooi ('red')
s
/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/
ses ('six'), stem ('voice' or 'vote'), posisie ('position', /z/ for first 's', /s/ for second 's'), rasioneel ('rational', /ʃ/ (nonstandard; formally /s/ is used instead) visuëel ('visual', /ʒ/ (nonstandard; /z/ is more formal)
sj
/ʃ/
sjaal ('shawl'), sjokolade ('chocolate')
t
/t/
tafel ('table')
tj
/tʃ/, /k/
tjank ('whine like a dog' or 'to cry incessantly'). The latter pronunciation occurs in the common diminutive suffix "-(e)tjie"
Found in words such as reünie ('reunion'). The diaeresis indicates the start of a new syllable, thus ü is pronounced the same as u, except when found in proper nouns and surnames from German, like Müller.
ui
/ɵi/
uit ('out')
uu
/y(ː)/
uur ('hour')
v
/f/, /v/
vis ('fish'), visuëel ('visual')
w
/v/, /w/
water ('water'; /v/); allophonically /w/ after obstruents within a root; an example: kwas ('brush'; /w/)
↑Pithouse, K.; Mitchell, C; Moletsane, R. Making Connections: Self-Study & Social Action. p. 91.
↑Heese, J. A. (1971). Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657–1867 [The origin of the Afrikaner] (ภาษาแอฟริกานส์). Cape Town: A. A. Balkema. OCLC1821706. OL5361614M.
↑Kloeke, G. G. (1950). Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans [Origin and growth of Afrikaans] (PDF) (ภาษาดัตช์). Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
↑Coetzee, Abel (1948). Standaard-Afrikaans [Standard Afrikaans] (PDF). Johannesburg: Pers van die Universiteit van die Witwatersrand. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-09-17.
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Brook Napier, Diane (2007), "Languages, language learning, and nationalism in South Africa", ใน Schuster, Katherine; Witkosky, David (บ.ก.), Language of the land: policy, politics, identity, Studies in the history of education, Information Age Publishing, ISBN9781593116170, สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 May 2010
Den Besten, Hans (2012), "Speculations of [χ]-elision and intersonorantic [ʋ] in Afrikaans", ใน van der Wouden, Ton (บ.ก.), Roots of Afrikaans: Selected Writings of Hans Den Besten, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 79–93, ISBN978-90-272-5267-8
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. (2004), "The language planning situation in South Africa", ใน Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (บ.ก.), Language planning and policy in Africa, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN9781853597251, สืบค้นเมื่อ 31 May 2010
Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, University of California Press (ตีพิมพ์ 1991), ISBN0-520-07893-4
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