Процессивность

В молекулярной биологии процессивность (англ. processivity) — это способность фермента осуществлять последовательность химических реакций, без высвобождения субстрата. Наиболее часто о процессивности говорят для ДНК-полимераз, где процессивность может выражаться как среднее количество нуклеотидов, присоединяемое ферментом ДНК-полимеразой за один акт связывания/диссоциации с матрицей. ДНК-полимеразы, которые осуществляют репликацию ДНК, как правило, имеют высокую процессивность, в то время как те, которые осуществляют репарацию ДНК, имеют низкую процессивность.[1]

Так как связывание полимеразы к матрице является лимитирующей стадией в синтезе ДНК, общая скорость репликации ДНК в течение S-фазы клеточного цикла зависит от процессивности ДНК-полимераз, осуществляющих репликацию. Белки скользящей застежки являются интегральными компонентами репликации ДНК и служат для повышения процессивности соответствующих полимераз. Некоторые полимеразы присоединяют более 50000 нуклеотидов к растущей цепи ДНК до момента диссоциации, что соответствует скорости примерно 1000 нуклеотидов в секунду.[2]

Также для протеаз процессивность выражается в полном и последовательном расщеплении белков, без высвобождения промежуточных, не до конца расщеплённых полипептидов (см. ClpP). О процессивности можно говорить также при обсуждении транскрипции и трансляции.

Примечания

  1. Breyer WA, Matthews BW. A structural basis for processivity // Protein Sci. — 2001. — Т. 10, № 9. — С. 1699-1711.
  2. Lloyd RS. Processivity of DNA repair enzymes // Methods Mol Biol. — 2001. — № 160. — С. 3-14.

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