Nanopartícula

Imagens TEM (a, b, e c) images de mesoporos preparados de nanopartículas de sílica com diâmetro externo de: (a) 20nm, (b) 45nm, e (c) 80nm. Imagem SEM (d) correspondente a (b). As inserções são uma alta magnificação de mesoporos da partícula de sílica.

Nanopartículas são partículas cujo tamanho situa-se entre 1 e 100 nanômetros (nm). Em nanotecnologia, uma partícula é definida como um pequeno objeto que se comporta como uma unidade inteira em termos de seu transporte e propriedades. As partículas são classificadas de acordo com o diâmetro.[1] Partículas ultrafinas são o mesmo que nanopartículas e medem entre 1 e 100 nm; partículas finas medem de 100 a 2500 nm; já as partículas grossas medem de 2.500 a 10.000 nm.[2]

Nanopartículas podem ou não exibir propriedades relacionadas com o tamanho, as quais diferem significativamente daquelas observados em partículas finas ou materiais volumosos.[3][4] Embora o tamanho da maioria das moléculas se encaixe no esquema acima, as moléculas individuais não são geralmente referidos como nanopartículas.

Elementos de definição

Uma nanopartícula tem "um diâmetro suficientemente pequeno para que as propriedades físicas e químicas se diferenciem, de maneira mensurável, daquelas [propriedades] dos materiais em estado bruto.".[5]

Para a Royal Academy of Engineering (2004), "a nanociência é o estudo dos fenômenos e a manipulação de materiais, em escala atômica, molecular ou macromolecular, nas quais as propriedades diferem significativamente daquelas [dos materiais] em escala maior.".[6]

As nanopartículas podem ser classificadas segundo seu tamanho em cada uma das três dimensões:

  • fulerenos, partículas etc. têm as três dimensões nanométricas (ponto)
  • nanotubos, dendrímeros, nanofios, fibras e fibrilas têm duas dimensões nanométricas (linha)
  • filmes finos têm somente uma dimensão nanométrica (plano).

Aplicação

Há uma intensa pesquisa científica sobre nanopartículas, pois elas têm muitas aplicações potenciais em medicina, física,[7][8][9] óptica e eletrônica.[10][11][12][13] Pesquisadores inventaram, em 2016, um método de produção de nanopartículas de liga de cobre resistente à oxidação para circuitos eletrônicos impressos. Essas novas nanopartículas foram produzidas por um método mais ambientalmente amigável e mais econômico do que o método de explosão de fios. A invenção deve expandir a gama de aplicações ligadas à impressão de circuitos eletrônicos.[14].


Referências

  1. Module 3: Characteristics of Particles – Particle Size Categories. epa.gov
  2. Dame, University of Notre (5 de agosto de 2022). «New Invention Restores Life-Saving Cells». SciTechDaily (em inglês). Consultado em 6 de agosto de 2022 
  3. Cristina Buzea, Ivan Pacheco, and Kevin Robbie (2007). «Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles: Sources and Toxicity». Biointerphases. 2: MR17–MR71 
  4. ASTM E 2456 - 06 Standard Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology
  5. (em inglês) ISO, 2004. Occupational ultrafine aerosol exposure characterization and assessment. Draft technical report number 6. ISO/TC146/SC2?WG1 Particle size selective sampling and analysis (workplace air quality)
  6. (em francês) Nanoparticules: risques et mesures de preventions p. 5, no site irsst.qc.ca
  7. Hubler, A.; Osuagwu, O. (2010). «Digital quantum batteries: Energy and information storage in nanovacuum tube arrays». Complexity. doi:10.1002/cplx.20306 
  8. Stephenson, C.; Hubler, A. (2015). «Stability and conductivity of self assembled wires in a transverse electric field». Sci.Rep.5. 5: 15044. doi:10.1038/srep15044 
  9. Hubler, A.; Lyon, D. (2013). «Gap size dependence of the dielectric strength in nano vacuum gaps». IEEE. 20: 1467–1471. doi:10.1109/TDEI.2013.6571470 
  10. Taylor, Robert; Coulombe, Sylvain; Otanicar, Todd; Phelan, Patrick; Gunawan, Andrey; Lv, Wei; Rosengarten, Gary; Prasher, Ravi; Tyagi, Himanshu (2013). «Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids». Journal of Applied Physics. 113: 011301. Bibcode:2013JAP...113a1301T. doi:10.1063/1.4754271 
  11. Taylor, Robert A; Otanicar, Todd; Rosengarten, Gary (2012). «Nanofluid-based optical filter optimization for PV/T systems». Light: Science & Applications. 1 (10): e34. doi:10.1038/lsa.2012.34 
  12. Hewakuruppu, Y. L.; Dombrovsky, L. A.; Chen, C.; Timchenko, V.; Jiang, X.; Baek, S.; Taylor, R. A. (2013). «Plasmonic "pump–probe" method to study semi-transparent nanofluids». Applied Optics. 52 (24): 6041–6050. Bibcode:2013ApOpt..52.6041H. PMID 24085009. doi:10.1364/AO.52.006041 
  13. Taylor, Robert A.; Otanicar, Todd P.; Herukerrupu, Yasitha; Bremond, Fabienne; Rosengarten, Gary; Hawkes, Evatt R.; Jiang, Xuchuan; Coulombe, Sylvain (2013). «Feasibility of nanofluid-based optical filters». Applied Optics. 52 (7): 1413–22. Bibcode:2013ApOpt..52.1413T. PMID 23458793. doi:10.1364/AO.52.001413 
  14. New bimetallic alloy nanoparticles for printed electronic circuits Production of oxidation-resistant copper alloy nanoparticles by electrical explosion of wire for printed electronics publicado pela "Toyohashi University of Technology" em 2016 (Go Kawamura, Samuel Alvarez, Ian E. Stewart, Matthew Catenacci, Zuofeng Chen, Yoon-Cheol Ha. Production of Oxidation-Resistant Cu-Based Nanoparticles by Wire Explosion. Scientific Reports, 2015; 5: 18333 DOI: 10.1038/srep18333)

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