Armeens alfabet

Het Armeense alfabet (Armeens: Հայերենի այբուբեն) werd in 405 ontworpen door de Armeense geleerde en religieuze Mesrop Masjtots.

Beide in Armenië gesproken talen (Oost-Armeens en West-Armeens) gebruiken het Armeense alfabet. Het alfabet bestond oorspronkelijk uit 36 letters. De volgorde van de letters had een religieuze symboliek; het Armeense alfabet begon met "Ա" A en eindigde met "Ք" Q, dit verwees naar God (Աստուած) en naar Christus (Քրիստոս). Later werden er de letters "և" (j)ev, "օ" o en "ֆ" f bij toegevoegd.

Transcriptie

In de tabel hieronder wordt het alfabet weergegeven:

  1. Letter: hoofdletter en kleine letter
  2. Naam: in de klassieke en de hervormde Armeense spelling: De klassieke 5e-eeuwse spelling (Masjtotsjaanse spelling) werd in de 19e eeuw hervormd en wordt gebruikt in het West-Armeens (Armeense diaspora) en in het Oost-Armeens in Iran. Deze bevat de oorspronkelijke 36 letters en de 2 letters die in de 13e eeuw werden toegevoegd. Met 'hervormd' wordt de spellingshervorming van 1922 en 1924 bedoeld (aangepast in 1940) die in de Sovjetperiode is doorgevoerd en vanwege vermeende politieke motieven nooit door de Armeense diaspora is geaccepteerd. Deze spellingshervorming richtte zich vooral op het neutraliseren van het klassieke etymologische schrift en de aanpassing van de fonetische realisatie (spraakaanpassing) en het fonetisch schrift. Deze hervorming wordt gebruikt in het Oost-Armeens in Armenië en de Armeense gemeenschappen in Rusland en Georgië.
  3. Naam: De naam van de letter volgens de uitspraak in het Oudarmeens, Oost-Armeens en West-Armeens weergegeven in het Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet (IPA)
  4. Uitspraak: De uitspraak van de letter in het Oudarmeens, Oost-Armeens en West-Armeens weergegeven in IPA
  5. Transcriptie: De Nederlandse transcriptie in het Oost-Armeens en West-Armeens
  6. Numerieke waarde: De getalwaarde in Armeense cijfers van de letter

Het superscript "h" ([ʰ]?) vormt het diakritisch teken voor aspiratie in het IPA. Een apostrof ([’]?) wijst op een ejectief (uitstotende medeklinker).

Letter Naam Uitspraak Transcriptie Numerieke waarde
Klassiek Hervormd Uitspraak Oud Oost West Oost West
Oud Oost West
Ա ա այբ [aɪb]? [aɪpʰ]? [ɑ]? a 1
Բ բ բեն [bɛn]? [pʰɛn]? [b]? [pʰ]? b p 2
Գ գ գիմ [gim]? [kʰim]? [g]? [kʰ]? g k 3
Դ դ դա [dɑ]? [tʰɑ]? [d]? [tʰ]? d t 4
Ե ե եչ [jɛtʃʰ]? [ɛ]?, begin [jɛ]? (j)e[1] 5
Զ զ զա [zɑ]? [z]? z 6
Է է է [ɛː]? [ɛ]? [ɛː]? [ɛ]? e 7
Ը ը ըթ [ətʰ]? [ə]? e[2] 8
Թ թ թօ[3] թո [tʰo]? [tʰ]? t[4] 9
Ժ ժ ժէ ժե [ʒɛː]? [ʒɛ]? [ʒ]? zj 10
Ի ի ինի [ini]? [i]? i 20
Լ լ լիւն լյուն [lʏn]?[5] [l]? l 30
Խ խ խէ խե [χɛː]? [χɛ]? [χ]? ch 40
Ծ ծ ծա [tsɑ]? [tsʼɑ]? [dzɑ]? [ts]? [tsʼ]? [dz]? ts dz 50
Կ կ կեն [kɛn]? [kʼɛn]? [gɛn]? [k]? [kʼ]? [g]? k g 60
Հ հ հօ[3] հո [ho]? [h]? h 70
Ձ ձ ձա [dzɑ]? [tsʰɑ]? [dz]? [tsʰ]? dz ts 80
Ղ ղ ղատ [ɫɑt]? [ʁɑtʼ]? [ʁɑd]? [ɫ]? [ʁ]? gh/g/r[6] 90
Ճ ճ ճէ ճե [tʃɛː]? [tʃʼɛ]? [ʤɛ]? [tʃ]? [tʃʼ]? [ʤ]? tsj[7] dzj 100
Մ մ մեն [mɛn]? [m]? m 200
Յ յ յի հի [ji]? [hi]? [j]? [h]?[8], [j]? j[9] 300
Ն ն նու [nu]? [n]? n 400
Շ շ շա [ʃɑ]? [ʃ]? sj 500
Ո ո ո [o]? [vo]? [o]?, begin [vo]?[10] (v)o[11] 600
Չ չ չա [tʃʰɑ]? [tʃʰ]? tsj 700
Պ պ պէ պե [pɛː]? [pʼɛ]? [bɛ]? [p]? [pʼ]? [b]? p[7] b 800
Ջ ջ ջէ ջե [ʤɛː]? [ʤɛ]? [tʃʰɛ]? [ʤ]? [tʃʰ]? dzj tsj 900
Ռ ռ ռա [rɑ]? [ɾɑ]? [r]? [ɾ]? r[12] 1000
Ս ս սէ սե [sɛː]? [sɛ]? [s]? s 2000
Վ վ վեւ վեվ [vɛv]? [v]? v 3000
Տ տ տիւն տյուն [tʏn]? [tʼʏn]?[13] [dʏn]? [t]? [tʼ]? [d]? t d 4000
Ր ր րէ րե [ɹɛː]? [ɹɛ]?[14] [ɾɛ]? [ɹ]?[14] [ɾ]? r 5000
Ց ց ցօ[3] ցո [tsʰo]? [tsʰ]? ts[15] ds 6000
Ւ ւ հիւն n.v.t.[16] [hʏn]? [w]? [v]?[17] v/oe[18] 7000
Փ փ փիւր փյուր [pʰʏɹ]?[19] [pʰʏɾ]? [pʰ]? p[20] 8000
Ք ք քէ քե [kʰɛː]? [kʰɛ]? [kʰ]? k[21] 9000
Toegevoegd in de 13e eeuw
Օ օ օ [o]? [o]? o -
Ֆ ֆ ֆէ ֆե [fɛː]? [fɛ]? [f]? f
Toegevoegd door spellingshervorming in Armenië (1922-24)
Ու ու ու [u]? [u]? oe -
և և [jɛv]? [ɛv]? / [jɛv]?[22] (j)ev[23] -

Diakritische tekens en interpunctie

Ligatuur
Naam Teken
kleine ligatuur Ech Yiwn (functie als &) և
Wijzigingstekens
Naam Teken
linker halve cirkel ՙ
Armeense apostrof = rechter halve cirkel ՚
benadrukkingsteken = Shesht ՛
Interpunctie
Naam Teken
uitroepteken = Batsaganchakan Nshan ՜
komma = Bowt ՝
vraagteken = Hartsakan Nshan ՞
afkortingsteken = Patiw ՟
punt = Verjhaket ։
koppelteken = Ent`amnay ֊

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