単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV)は研究が進んでおり遺伝子加工が容易でヒト正常細胞には比較的無害(稀に単純疱疹を生じる)で危険性が低く癌細胞選択的な攻撃特性を有する最初のウイルスであると思われた。1型単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV-1)の変異体1716はICP34.5遺伝子を欠き、分化し細胞分裂しなくなった細胞内では自己複製できないが、癌細胞に感染して効果的に細胞融解をもたらすもので、癌のウイルス療法に適したものであった[22][23]。in vivo で癌細胞株を広範囲に検討した結果、HSV1716(英語版)ウイルスが腫瘍を縮小(英語版)させ、生存期間を延長することが明らかとなった[24][25][26]。
規制当局に初めて承認された腫瘍溶解性ウイルスは、H101(英語版)と呼ばれる遺伝子改変アデノウイルスであった。H101は2005年に中華人民共和国の国家食品薬品監督管理局(SFDA)から頭頸部癌の治療法として承認された[35][36]。H101は正常細胞のP53遺伝子(癌細胞では多くの場合調節不全である)と相互作用するウイルス防御作用が取り除かれている点でOnyx-15(英語版)に極めて類似している[36]。ウイルスの感染細胞選択性は初期のin vivo 研究では確認されていたが臨床試験では不完全であった。しかし、癌細胞を優先的に殺してはいる[36]。全生存期間は未知であるが、奏効率は化学療法単独に比べてH101+化学療法では2倍になった[36]。H101は腫瘍内に直接注入する投与法が最善であるが、発熱は免れない[36]。静脈注射などの全身療法は転移を有する疾患に適している[37]。現在はOncorineという商品名で販売されている[38]。
^Ferguson, Mark S.; Lemoine, Nicholas R.; Wang, Yaohe (2012). “Systemic Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses: Hopes and Hurdles”. Advances in Virology2012: 1. doi:10.1155/2012/805629.
^Lichty, Brian D.; Breitbach, Caroline J.; Stojdl, David F.; Bell, John C. (2014). “Going viral with cancer immunotherapy”. Nat Rev Cancer14 (8): 559–67. doi:10.1038/nrc3770. PMID24990523.
^Rudin, Charles M.; John T. Poirier; Neil N. Senzer; Joseph Stephenson; David Loesch; Kevin D. Burroughs author7=P. Seshidhar Reddy (2011-02-15). “Phase I clinical study of Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001), a replication-competent picornavirus, in advanced solid tumors with neuroendocrine features.”. Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research17 (4): 888–895. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1706. ISSN1078-0432. PMID21304001.
^Bourke, M.G.; Salwa, S.; Harrington, K.J.; Kucharczyk, M.J.; Forde, P.F.; De Kruijf, M.; Soden, D.; Tangney, M. et al. (2011). “The emerging role of viruses in the treatment of solid tumours”. Cancer Treatment Reviews37 (8): 618–32. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.12.003. PMID21232872.
^ abcdefKuruppu, Darshini; Tanabe, Kenneth K. (2005). “Viral oncolysis by herpes simplex virus and other viruses”. Cancer Biology & Therapy4 (5): 524–31. doi:10.4161/cbt.4.5.1820. PMID15917655.
^ abVoroshilova, MK (1989). “Potential use of nonpathogenic enteroviruses for control of human disease”. Progress in medical virology36: 191–202. PMID2555836.
^Kelly, Elizabeth; Russell, Stephen J (2007). “History of Oncolytic Viruses: Genesis to Genetic Engineering”. Molecular Therapy15 (4): 651–9. doi:10.1038/sj.mt.6300108. PMID17299401.
^MacLean, A. R.; Ul-Fareed, M.; Robertson, L.; Harland, J.; Brown, S. M. (1991). “Herpes simplex virus type 1 deletion variants 1714 and 1716 pinpoint neurovirulence-related sequences in Glasgow strain 17+ between immediate early gene 1 and the 'a' sequence”. Journal of General Virology72 (3): 631. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-631.
^Brown, S. M.; Harland, J.; MacLean, A. R.; Podlech, J.; Clements, J. B. (1994). “Cell type and cell state determine differential in vitro growth of non-neurovirulent ICP34.5-negative herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2”. Journal of General Virology75 (9): 2367. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-75-9-2367.
^Kesari, S; Randazzo, BP; Valyi-Nagy, T; Huang, QS; Brown, SM; MacLean, AR; Lee, VM; Trojanowski, JQ et al. (1995). “Therapy of experimental human brain tumors using a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus mutant”. Laboratory investigation73 (5): 636–48. PMID7474937.
^Randazzo, Bruce P; Bhat, Mulki G; Kesari, Santosh; Fraser, Nigel W; Brown, S Moira (1997). “Treatment of Experimental Subcutaneous Human Melanoma with a Replication-Restricted Herpes Simplex Virus Mutant”. Journal of Investigative Dermatology108 (6): 933–7. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12295238. PMID9182825.
^Rampling, R; Cruickshank, G; Papanastassiou, V; Nicoll, J; Hadley, D; Brennan, D; Petty, R; MacLean, A et al. (2000). “Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP 34.5 null mutant 1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma”. Gene Therapy7 (10): 859–66. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301184. PMID10845724.
^Papanastassiou, V; Rampling, R; Fraser, M; Petty, R; Hadley, D; Nicoll, J; Harland, J; Mabbs, R et al. (2002). “The potential for efficacy of the modified (ICP 34.5−) herpes simplex virus HSV1716 following intratumoural injection into human malignant glioma: A proof of principle study”. Gene Therapy9 (6): 398–406. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301664. PMID11960316.
^Harrow, S; Papanastassiou, V; Harland, J; Mabbs, R; Petty, R; Fraser, M; Hadley, D; Patterson, J et al. (2004). “HSV1716 injection into the brain adjacent to tumour following surgical resection of high-grade glioma: Safety data and long-term survival”. Gene Therapy11 (22): 1648–58. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302289. PMID15334111.
^MacKie, Rona M; Stewart, Barry; Brown, S Moira (2001). “Intralesional injection of herpes simplex virus 1716 in metastatic melanoma”. The Lancet357 (9255): 525–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04048-4. PMID11229673.
^Mace, Alastair T. M.; Ganly, Ian; Soutar, David S.; Brown, S. Moira (2008). “Potential for efficacy of the oncolytic Herpes simplex virus 1716 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma”. Head & Neck30 (8): 1045–51. doi:10.1002/hed.20840. PMID18615711.
^Conner, J; Braidwood, L; Brown, S M (2008). “A strategy for systemic delivery of the oncolytic herpes virus HSV1716: Redirected tropism by antibody-binding sites incorporated on the virion surface as a glycoprotein D fusion protein”. Gene Therapy15 (24): 1579–92. doi:10.1038/gt.2008.121. PMID18701918.
^Braidwood, L; Dunn, PD; Hardy, S; Evans, TR; Brown, SM (2009). “Antitumor activity of a selectively replication competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) with enzyme prodrug therapy”. Anticancer research29 (6): 2159–66. PMID19528476.
^Sorensen, A.; Mairs, R. J.; Braidwood, L.; Joyce, C.; Conner, J.; Pimlott, S.; Brown, M.; Boyd, M. (2012). “In Vivo Evaluation of a Cancer Therapy Strategy Combining HSV1716-Mediated Oncolysis with Gene Transfer and Targeted Radiotherapy”. Journal of Nuclear Medicine53 (4): 647–54. doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.090886. PMID22414636.
^Frew, Sarah E; Sammut, Stephen M; Shore, Alysha F; Ramjist, Joshua K; Al-Bader, Sara; Rezaie, Rahim; Daar, Abdallah S; Singer, Peter A (2008). “Chinese health biotech and the billion-patient market”. Nature Biotechnology26 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1038/nbt0108-37. PMID18183014.
^ abcdeGarber, K. (2006). “China Approves World's First Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Cancer Treatment”. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute98 (5): 298–300. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj111. PMID16507823.
^ abcCheema, T. A.; Wakimoto, H.; Fecci, P. E.; Ning, J.; Kuroda, T.; Jeyaretna, D. S.; Martuza, R. L.; Rabkin, S. D. (2013). “Multifaceted oncolytic virus therapy for glioblastoma in an immunocompetent cancer stem cell model”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences110 (29): 12006. doi:10.1073/pnas.1307935110.
^Bell, John; Roy, Dominic (2013). “Cell carriers for oncolytic viruses: Current challenges and future directions”. Oncolytic Virotherapy: 47. doi:10.2147/OV.S36623.
^Bell, John C.; Lichty, David F.; Knowles, Brian; Marius, Shane; Atkins, Ricardo; Sonenberg, Harold; Bell, Nahum (2000). “Exploiting tumor-specific defects in the interferon pathway with a previously unknown oncolytic virus”. Nature Medicine6 (7): 821–5. doi:10.1038/77558. PMID10888934.
^ abStojdl, David F; Lichty, Brian D; Tenoever, Benjamin R; Paterson, Jennifer M; Power, Anthony T; Knowles, Shane; Marius, Ricardo; Reynard, Jennifer et al. (2003). “VSV strains with defects in their ability to shutdown innate immunity are potent systemic anti-cancer agents”. Cancer Cell4 (4): 263–75. doi:10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00241-1. PMID14585354.
^Ahmed, M; Cramer, S; Lyles, D (2004). “Sensitivity of prostate tumors to wild type and M protein mutant vesicular stomatitis viruses”. Virology330 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.08.039. PMID15527832.
^Ebert, Oliver; Harbaran, Sonal; Shinozaki, Katsunori; Woo, Savio L C (2004). “Systemic therapy of experimental breast cancer metastases by mutant vesicular stomatitis virus in immune-competent mice”. Cancer Gene Therapy12 (4): 350–8. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700794. PMID15565179.
^Kuhn I, Harden P, Bauzon M, Chartier C, Nye J, Thorne S, Reid T, Ni S, Lieber A, Fisher K, Seymour L, Rubanyi GM, Harkins RN, Hermiston TW. Directed evolution generates a novel oncolytic virus for the treatment of colon cancer. PLoS ONE 2008; 3 (6):e2409
^Kuhn I, Harden P, Bauzon M, Chartier C, Nye J, Thorne S, Reid T, Ni S, Lieber A, Fisher K, Seymour L, Rubanyi GM, Harkins RN, Hermiston TW. Directed evolution generates a novel oncolytic virus for the treatment of colon cancer. PLoS ONE 2008; 3 (6):e2409.
^Poirier, J. T.; Reddy, P. S.; Idamakanti, N.; Li, S. S.; Stump, K. L.; Burroughs, K. D.; Hallenbeck, P. L.; Rudin, C. M. (2012). “Characterization of a full-length infectious cDNA clone and a GFP reporter derivative of the oncolytic picornavirus SVV-001”. Journal of General Virology93 (Pt 12): 2606–13. doi:10.1099/vir.0.046011-0. PMID22971818.
^Yu, Yong A; Shabahang, Shahrokh; Timiryasova, Tatyana M; Zhang, Qian; Beltz, Richard; Gentschev, Ivaylo; Goebel, Werner; Szalay, Aladar A (2004). “Visualization of tumors and metastases in live animals with bacteria and vaccinia virus encoding light-emitting proteins”. Nature Biotechnology22 (3): 313–20. doi:10.1038/nbt937. PMID14990953.
^Freeman, SM; Whartenby, KA; Freeman, JL; Abboud, CN; Marrogi, AJ (1996). “In situ use of suicide genes for cancer therapy”. Seminars in oncology23 (1): 31–45. PMID8607030.
^Duarte, Sónia; Carle, Georges; Faneca, Henrique; De Lima, Maria C. Pedroso de; Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie (2012). “Suicide gene therapy in cancer: Where do we stand now?”. Cancer Letters324 (2): 160–70. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.023. PMID22634584.
^Conner, J; Braidwood, L (2012). “Expression of inhibitor of growth 4 by HSV1716 improves oncolytic potency and enhances efficacy”. Cancer Gene Therapy19 (7): 499–507. doi:10.1038/cgt.2012.24. PMID22595793.
^Grünwald, G K; Klutz, K; Willhauck, M J; Schwenk, N; Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R; Schwaiger, M; Zach, C; Göke, B et al. (2012). “Sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated radiovirotherapy of hepatocellular cancer using a conditionally replicating adenovirus”. Gene Therapy20 (6): 625–33. doi:10.1038/gt.2012.79. PMID23038026.
^Schmidt, C. (2013). “Awaiting a Moment of Truth for Oncolytic Viruses”. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute105 (10): 675. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt111.
^Lolkema, M. P.; Arkenau, H.-T.; Harrington, K.; Roxburgh, P.; Morrison, R.; Roulstone, V.; Twigger, K.; Coffey, M. et al. (2010). “A Phase I Study of the Combination of Intravenous Reovirus Type 3 Dearing and Gemcitabine in Patients with Advanced Cancer”. Clinical Cancer Research17 (3): 581–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2159. PMID21106728.
^Magge, D; Guo, Z S; O'Malley, M E; Francis, L; Ravindranathan, R; Bartlett, D L (2013). “Inhibitors of C5 complement enhance vaccinia virus oncolysis”. Cancer Gene Therapy20 (6): 342–50. doi:10.1038/cgt.2013.26. PMID23661042.
^Heo, Jeong; Reid, Tony; Ruo, Leyo; Breitbach, Caroline J; Rose, Steven; Bloomston, Mark; Cho, Mong; Lim, Ho Yeong et al. (2013). “Randomized dose-finding clinical trial of oncolytic immunotherapeutic vaccinia JX-594 in liver cancer”. Nature Medicine19 (3): 329–36. doi:10.1038/nm.3089. PMID23396206.
^Muthana, M.; Rodrigues, S.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Welford, A.; Hughes, R.; Tazzyman, S.; Essand, M.; Morrow, F. et al. (2012). “Macrophage Delivery of an Oncolytic Virus Abolishes Tumor Regrowth and Metastasis after Chemotherapy or Irradiation”. Cancer Research73 (2): 490–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3056. PMID23172310.
^w. Tong, Alex; Senzer, Neil; Cerullo, Vincenzo; Templeton, Nancy; Hemminki, Akseli; Nemunaitis, John (2012). “Oncolytic Viruses for Induction of Anti-Tumor Immunity”. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology13 (9): 1750–60. doi:10.2174/138920112800958913. PMID21740355.
^Mastrangelo, Michael J; Lattime, Edmund C (2002). “Virotherapy clinical trials for regional disease: In situ immune modulation using recombinant poxvirus vectors”. Cancer Gene Therapy9 (12): 1013–21. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700538. PMID12522440.
^Mace, >A.T.M.; Harrow, S.J.; Ganly, I.; Brown, S.M. (2007). “Cytotoxic effects of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus HSV1716 alone and in combination with cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma”. Acta Oto-laryngologica127 (8): 880–7. doi:10.1080/00016480601075381. PMID17763002.
^Toyoizumi, Takane; Mick, Rosemarie; Abbas, Abbas E.; Kang, Eugene H.; Kaiser, Larry R.; Molnar-Kimber, Katherine L. (1999). “Combined Therapy with Chemotherapeutic Agents and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP34.5 Mutant (HSV-1716) in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer”. Human Gene Therapy10 (18): 3013–29. doi:10.1089/10430349950016410. PMID10609661.
^Khuri, Fadlo R.; Nemunaitis, John; Ganly, Ian; Arseneau, James; Tannock, Ian F.; Romel, Larry; Gore, Martin; Ironside, Janet et al. (2000). “A controlled trial of intratumoral ONYX-015, a selectively-replicating adenovirus, in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer”. Nature Medicine6 (8): 879–85. doi:10.1038/78638. PMID10932224.
^ abSchmidt, Charlie (2011). “Amgen spikes interest in live virus vaccines for hard-to-treat cancers”. Nature Biotechnology29 (4): 295–6. doi:10.1038/nbt0411-295. PMID21478830.
^臨床試験番号 NCT00769704 研究名 "Efficacy and Safety Study of OncoVEXGM-CSF Compared to GM-CSF in Melanoma" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^Sheridan C (2015-06-09). “First oncolytic virus edges towards approval in surprise vote.”. Nature Biotechnology33: 569–70. doi:10.1038/nbt0615-569. PMID26057953.
^臨床試験番号 NCT01161498 研究名 "Study of Safety and Efficacy of OncoVEXGM-CSF With Cisplatin for Treatment of Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^臨床試験番号 NCT01387555 研究名 "A Phase 2b Study of Vaccinia Virus to Treat Advanced Liver Cancer (TRAVERSE)" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^臨床試験番号 NCT00625456 研究名 "Safety Study of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus to Treat Refractory Solid Tumors" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^j. Breitbach, Caroline; Thorne, Steve; Bell, John; Kirn, David (2012). “Targeted and Armed Oncolytic Poxviruses for Cancer: The Lead Example of JX-594”. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology13 (9): 1768–72. doi:10.2174/138920112800958922. PMID21740365.
^臨床試験番号 NCT01048892 研究名 "Seneca Valley Virus-001 and Cyclophosphamide in Treating Young Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, or Rare Tumors With Neuroendocrine Features" - ClinicalTrials.gov, October 2012
^臨床試験番号 NCT01017601 研究名 "Seneca Valley Virus-001 After Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^臨床試験番号 NCT00794131 研究名 "Safety Study of GL-ONC1, an Oncolytic Virus, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^臨床試験番号 NCT01766739 研究名 "Intra-pleural Administration of GL-ONC1, a Genetically Modified Vaccinia Virus, in Patients With Malignant Pleural Effusion: Primary, Metastases and Mesothelioma" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^臨床試験番号 NCT01443260 研究名 "A Study of GL-ONC1, an Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus, in Patients With Advanced Peritoneal Carcinomatosis" - ClinicalTrials.gov
^臨床試験番号 NCT01584284 研究名 "Safety Study of Attenuated Vaccinia Virus (GL-ONC1)With Combination Therapy in Head & Neck Cancer" - ClinicalTrials.gov