ニューカッスル=アポン=タイン公爵夫人マーガレット・ルーカス・キャヴェンディッシュ(英語: Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne、1623年? - 1673年12月15日)は、17世紀の清教徒革命(イングランド内戦)から王政復古期のイングランドの貴族、哲学者、科学者、文人である。称号はしばしばニューカッスル公爵夫人(Duchess of Newcastle)と略されることもある。17世紀の特異で画期的な女性作家・哲学者として、称賛と批判の両方を浴びてきた人物である。
マーガレットは後に夫の伝記である『いとも尊く、気高く、強き貴公子ウィリアム・キャヴェンディッシュの生涯』(The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendish)を書いている。夫への献辞で、マーガレットは自作の著者が本当にマーガレット自身であるのかについて疑いがかけられ、特に夫が陰の作者なのではないかという噂が流れた時のことについて語っている[14]。こうした非難の中で夫が自分を擁護してくれたということを回想している[14]。
『詩と空想』 (Poems and Fancies) はマーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュが極めて多岐に亘る主題について書いた詩、書簡、散文のコレクションである。本書におさめられたキャヴェンディッシュの著作は、詩的フィクション、道徳的教訓、哲学的意見、ダイアローグ、講和、詩的ロマンスなどの形で書かれている[22]。この著作には、夫のウィリアム・キャヴェンディッシュの弟で、当時の知識人の間で非常に敬愛されていた数学者であるサー・チャールズ・キャヴェンディッシュへの献辞がついている[23]。
著者の生い立ちと人生についての真実の話 (1656)
マーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュは1656年、著作集である『空想の筆にて本物のように描かれし自然の絵』(Natures Pictures Drawn by Fancies Pencil to the Life)に、補遺として回想録である「著者の生い立ちと人生についての真実の話」 (A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding, and Life) を収録した[24][25]。この作品は、宗教者ではない女性が英語で書いた自伝としてはイングランドで初めて刊行されたものである[26]。マーガレットはこの自伝の中で、自分のことをメランコリーに陥りやすい性格だと記述している[27]。王党派の騎兵指揮官としてイングランド内戦で目覚ましい業績をあげたのち、反逆者として議会派に処刑された兄チャールズ・ルーカスを含む、自らの家族に関する詳細な記録も含まれている[28]。
1668年の『未刊行戯曲集』(Plays, Never Before Printed) はロンドンのアン・マクスウェルにより刊行され、以下の作品がおさめられている。
The Sociable Companions, or the Female Wits
The Presence
Scenes (edited from The Presence)
The Bridals
The Convent of Pleasure
A Piece of a Play
こうした作品群は刊行時に商業劇場で上演されたことがないクローゼット・ドラマであり、マーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュはより幅広い層の読者に届くことを期待して戯曲を刊行したと考えられている[31]。生前には上演されなかったが、『楽しみの隠棲所』 (The Convent of Pleasure) などの数作は死後に上演されたことがある[32]。
こうした戯曲のうち、『女の学院』 (The Female Academy) や『楽しみの隠棲所』 (The Convent of Pleasure) は女性だけのコミュニティを扱っている点に特色がある[33]。『楽しみの隠棲所』は、ヒロインのレディ・ハッピーが女性だけの隠棲所を作って楽しく暮らしていたところ、女装して「王女」となった王子が隠棲所に入り込み、相手が男であることを知らずにレディ・ハッピーが恋に落ちてしまうという物語であり、「アイデンティティやパフォーマンスの不安定さを強調している[34]」点が特徴的な芝居である。
マーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュが1666年に『実験哲学に関する所見』と一緒に散文の物語『光り輝く世界』 (The Description of a New World, Called The Blazing-World) を刊行し、1668年に両方を一緒に再刊した[41]。『光り輝く世界』は、ヒロインが架空の国である光り輝く世界の女帝となり、著者に近い人物である公爵夫人の魂とより良き世界のヴィジョンを語り合うことにより、「2人の女性主人公が(中略)世界を創造する[42]」という物語である。英語で書かれたユートピアSFの先駆的作品のひとつとして評価されている[43]。シルヴィア・バウアーバンクやセイラ・メンデルソンなどの論者が指摘しているように、このSF小説の祖先とも言うべき作品は科学、ジェンダー権力について批判と探求を行っている[43][44]。 想像力と理性、哲学とフィクションなどの対立関係についても扱っている[45]。
マーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュは1673年12月15日、ニューカッスル公爵家の屋敷であるノッティンガムシャーのウェルベック・アビーで亡くなった[7]。1674年1月7日にウェストミンスター寺院に埋葬された[7]。マーガレットの死は突然であり、80歳近い高齢だったウィリアムはロンドンでの埋葬に自ら立ち会うことができなかったという[13]。かわりにウィリアムは亡き妻のためロンドンでの盛大な葬儀の手はずを整え、墓碑銘を準備し、妻の遺稿を編纂して『比類なき貴婦人ニューカッスル公爵夫人マーガレットを祈念する書簡と詩』(Letters and Poems in Honour of the Incomparable Princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 1676) として出版した[7][13]。マーガレットの石棺のレリーフには、書物やペンなどの愛用品を持つ彼女の姿が彫られていたといわれる[48]。
死後相当な期間が経過するまで、マーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュはそのエキセントリックさゆえ、文学史家からあまり注目されてこなかった。ヴァージニア・ウルフが1925年に『一般読者』 (The Common Reader) でとりあげるまで、あまりマーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュが真面目にとりあげられる機会はなく、ウルフも決して高く評価したわけではなかった[77]。1957年、ダグラス・グラントが初めてマーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュのみを対象にした単著の伝記Margaret the First: A Biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle 1623–1673をトロント大学出版局から上梓した[78]。1980年代以降になるとフェミニズム批評の観点からの再評価がなされるようになり、複数の研究書が刊行され、歴史的観点からマーガレットのエキセントリックな振る舞いを再評価する試みがしばしば行われるようになった[79][80]。『光り輝く世界』の知名度が上昇し、最初の女性SF作家としても知られるようになった[81][82][83]。『光り輝く世界』に登場する、本人の代理である公爵夫人のキャラクターは現代におけるメアリー・スーキャラクターの最初期の例であると考えられている[84]。戯曲についても、ジェンダーアイデンティティやジェンダー規範に挑戦するものとしてパフォーマンススタディーズの文脈で研究されるようになった[85]。
2014年、シリ・ハストヴェットは『光り輝く世界』(The Blazing World)の影響を受け、同じタイトルを冠する小説The Blazing Worldを刊行した[89][90][91]。ダニエル・ダットンは2016年にマーガレット・キャヴェンディッシュの生涯を描いた小説Margaret the Firstを刊行している[92][93]。
著作一覧
1653 Poems and Fancies
1653 Philosophicall Fancies
1655 The World's Olio
1655 Philosophical and Physical Opinions
1656 Natures Pictures Drawn by Fancies Pencil to the Life
1662 Orations of Divers Sorts, Accommodated to Divers Places
1662 Playes
1663 Philosophical and Physical Opinions (改訂版)
1664 Philosophical Letters
1664 Sociable Letters
1664 Poems and Fancies (第2版)
1666 Observations upon Experimental Philosophy to Which Is AddedThe Description of a New World
1667 The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendish
1668 Observations upon Experimental Philosophy to Which Is AddedThe Description of a New World (再版)
1668 Orations of Divers Sorts, Accommodated to Divers Places (第2版)
1668 Plays, Never Before Printed
1668 Grounds of Natural Philosophy (Philosophical and Physical Opinionsの改訂版)
1668 Poems, or, Several Fancies in Verse with the Animal Parliament in Prose (Poems and Fanciesの改訂版)
1668 De vita et rebus gestis principis Guilielmi Duicis Novo-castrensis (The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishのラテン語訳)
1671 Natures Pictures Drawn by Fancies Pencil to the Life (改訂版)
1672 The World's Olio (再版)
1675 The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendish (再版)
1676 Letters and Poems in Honour of the Incomparable Princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (死後出版)
※著作一覧の情報はFitzmauriceによるOxford Dictionary of National Biographyエントリ、CunningによるStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archiveエントリ、Early English Books Online、及びSemlerに拠る。
^Khanna, Lee Cullen. "The Subject of Utopia: Margaret Cavendish and Her Blazing-World." Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: World of Difference. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1994. 15–34.
^O'Neill, Eileen (2001). Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. Oxford, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN978-0521776752
^ abO'Neill, Eileen (2001). Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. xi. ISBN978-0521776752
^Akkerman, Nadine and Marguérite Corporaal, "Mad science beyond flattery: The correspondence of Margaret Cavendish and Constantijn Huygens", Early Modern Literary Studies 14(may, 2004), 2.1–21.
^Goose, N. and Cooper, J. (1998) Tudor and Stuart Colchester. Published by Victoria County History of Essex. (ISBN0 86025 302 3)
^ abcdefghijklmnFitzmaurice, James. "Cavendish [née Lucas], Margaret, duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne (1623?–1673), writer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 1 Mar. 2019.
^Bowerbank, Sylvia (2000). Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press. p. 41. ISBN978-1-55111-1735
^ abcCavendish, Margaret. A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life (1656). In Sylvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson, ed. Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2000.
^Cavendish, Margaret. A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life (1656). In Sylvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson, ed. Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2000, pp. 46–7.
^Hibbard, Caroline M. "Henrietta Maria [Princess Henrietta Maria of France] (1609–1669), queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, consort of Charles I." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 1 Mar. 2019.
^ abcdefHulse, Lynn. "Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (bap. 1593, d. 1676), writer, patron, and royalist army officer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. January 06, 2011. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 1 Mar. 2019.
^ abCavendish, Margaret, The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishe (1667), reprinted in The Lives of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, and of His Wife, Margaret Duchess of Newcastle, J. R. Smith, 1872, p. xxiii.
^Raylor, Timothy, ‘Newcastle Ghosts: Robert Payne, Ben Jonson, and the “Cavendish Circle”’, in Claude J. Summer and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds, Literary Circles and Cultural Communities in Renaissance England, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000, 92–114, pp. 93-94.
^Cavendish, Margaret, The Epistle Dedicatory to Playes, reprinted in Cavendsh, The Convent of Pleasure and Other Plays, ed. by Anne Shaver (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 253. 引用箇所の翻訳については北村紗衣『シェイクスピア劇を楽しんだ女性たちー近世の観劇と読書』、白水社、2018、p. 116に拠る。
^Billing, Valerie (Fall 2011). “"Treble marriage": Margaret Cavendish, William Newcastle, and Collaborative Authorship”. Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies11.
^ abJames Fitzmaurice, Introduction to Sociable Letters. In James Fitzmaurice, ed. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2004, p. xv.
^Lislie, Marina (1998). Renaissance Utopias and the Problem of History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 175. ISBN978-0801434006
^Carlyle, E. I. "Cavendish, Sir Charles (1595?–1654), mathematician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 1 Mar. 2019.
^Cavendish, Margaret. Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Eds. Sylvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2000. ISBN978-1-55111-173-5.
^ abReeves, Margaret (2011). “Writing to Posterity: Margaret Cavendish's "A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding and Life" (1656) as an "autobiographical relazione"”. Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme34: 183–206.
^Katherine R. Kellett (2008). “Performance, Performativity, and Identity in Margaret Cavendish’s The Convent of Pleasure”. Studies in English Literature, 1500-190048 (2): 419-442.
^Fitzmaurice, James. "Introduction." Sociable Letters. Edited by James Fitzmaurice. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2004.
^Lilley, Kate (2004). The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World. London: Penguin Classics. p. xii. ISBN9780140433722
^Tien-yi Chao (2009). “Contemplation on the “World of My Own Creating”: Alchemical Discourses on Nature and Creation in The Blazing World (1666)”. NTU Studies in Language and Literature57: 57-76.
^Bowerbank, Sylvia (2000). Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Broadview Press. ISBN978-1551111735
^Leslie, Marina (2012). “Mind the Map: Fancy, Matter, and World Construction in Margaret Cavendish's "Blazing World"”. Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme35.
^Cavendish, Margaret (2016). “Epilogue”. In Mendelson, Sara. The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World. Broadview Press. ISBN9781460405901
^Cavendish, Margaret (2016). Mendelson, Sara. ed. The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World. Broadview Press. ISBN9781460405901
^Kitamura Sae, "Shakespeare for Women?: Margaret Cavendish and Judith Drake on Seventeenth-century Theatre, Pleasure and Education", The Journal of the Wooden O Symposium, 16-17 (2018): 109 - 137, 111 - 118.
^Romack, Katherine, “Margaret Cavendish, Shakespeare Critic”. In Dympna Callaghan, ed., A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. pp. 21–41.
^Mihoko Suzuki, “Gender, the Political Subject, and Dramatic Authorship: Margaret Cavendish's Loves Adventures and the Shakespearean Example,” In Katherine Romack and James Fitzmaurice, ed., Cavendish and Shakespeare, Interconnections, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. 103 - 120, p. 104.
^Narain, Mona (Fall 2009). “Notorious Celebrity: Margaret Cavendish and the Spectacle of Fame”. The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association42 (2): 69–95. JSTOR25674377.
^Narain, Mona (Fall 2009). “Notorious Celebrity: Margaret Cavendish and the Spectacle of Fame”. The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association42 (2): 69–95. JSTOR25674377.
^Mintz, Samuel I. (April 1952). “The Duchess of Newcastle's Visit to the Royal Society”. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology51 (2): 168–176. JSTOR27713402.
^Kellett, Katherine R. (Spring 2008). “Performance, Performativity, and Identity in Margaret Cavendish's "The Convent of Pleasure"”. Studies in English Literature48 (2): 419–442. doi:10.1353/sel.0.0002. JSTOR40071341.
Battigelli, Anna. Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
Bowerbank, Sylvia. Speaking for Nature: Women and Ecologies of Early Modern England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.. ISBN0801878721. OCLC 52766016.
Boyle, Deborah. The Well-Ordered Universe: The Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Clucas, Stephen, ed. A Princely Brave Woman: Essays on Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
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Sarasohn, Lisa. The Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish: Reason and Fancy during the Scientific Revolution. Baltimore, MA: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
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Detlefsen, Karen. “Margaret Cavendish and Thomas Hobbes on Reason, Freedom, and Women.” In Feminist Interpretations of Thomas Hobbes, pp. 149–168. Edited by Nancy J. Hirschmann and Joanne H. Wright. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012.
Detlefsen, Karen. “Margaret Cavendish on the Relation between God and World.” Philosophy Compass 4, no. 3 (2009): 421–438.
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