James Hughesは、1990年代に哲学者のMax Moreによって設立および育成された「新自由主義的な」エクストロピー研究所（英語版）を、トランスヒューマニズムの最初の組織的提唱者であると認識した。また彼は、後にHumanity+（英語版）（H+）へと改名されたヨーロッパの組織である世界トランスヒューマニスト協会（WTA）の1990年代後期における形成を、「エクストロピアン」が持つ自由市場の視点に対する部分的反応であると認識した。Hughesによると「WTAには、トランスヒューマニスト宣言で成文化されたトランスヒューマニズムの自由民主主義的な定義を中心に、社会民主主義者と新自由主義者の両方が含まれていた」[4][5]。Hughesはまた、トランスヒューマニズムにおける政治的潮流、特に2009年頃の社会主義的トランスヒューマニズムからリバタリアンおよびアナルコ・キャピタリスト的トランスヒューマニズムへの転向について詳述した[5]。彼は、世界トランスヒューマニスト協会の理事会から左派が退けられ、ピーター・ティールの助けを借りてリバタリアンとシンギュラリタリアンがトランスヒューマニズムのコミュニティで覇権を握ったと主張しているが、技術進歩的未来に関してHughesは依然として楽観視している[5]。
進歩的文化批評家によるリバタリアン・トランスヒューマニストのテクノユートピア主義（英語版）批判には、Richard BarbrookとAndy Cameronによるエッセイ『The Californian Ideology』（1995年）や、Mark Deryの著作『Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century』（1996年）、そしてPaulina Borsookの著作『Cyberselfish: A Critical Romp Through the Terribly Libertarian Culture of High-Tech』などがある。
^“The Politics of Transhumanism”. changesurfer.com. 18 August 2016閲覧。 “Ironically, Natasha Vita-More was actually elected to Los Angeles public office on the Green Party ticket in 1992. However her platform was “transhumanism” and she quit after one year of her two year term because the Greens were “too far left and too neurotically geared toward environmentalism.””
^“Death of a Biohacker”. The New York Times (19 May 2018). 3 June 2018閲覧。 “Gennady Stolyarov II, the chairman of the United States Transhumanist Party, a political organization with close to 880 members that supports life extension through science and technology, had been corresponding with Mr. Traywick since November 2015.”
^Volpicelli, Gian (14 January 2015). “Transhumanists Are Writing Their Own Manifesto for the UK General Election”. Motherboard. Vice. 29 January 2020閲覧。 “As the UK's 2015 general election approaches, you've probably already made up your mind on who knows best about the economy, who you agree with on foreign policy, and who cuts a more leader-like figure. But did you ever wonder who will deliver immortality sooner? If so, there's good news for you, since that's exactly what the UK Transhumanist Party was created for.”
^Volpicelli, Gian (27 March 2015). “A Transhumanist Plans to Run for Office in the UK”. Motherboard. Vice. 29 January 2020閲覧。 “Twyman intends to stand as an independent MP for the constituency of Kingston, on the radically pro-technology platform of the Transhumanist Party UK (TPUK), of which he's cofounder and leader.”
^Benedikter, Roland (4 April 2015). “The Age of Transhumanist Politics – Part II”. The Leftist Review. 2018年1月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年7月31日閲覧。 “The Transhumanist Party is gaining traction also in other parts of the Western world – mainly in Europe so far. Among them are the Tranhumanist Party of the UK, the Transhumanist Party of Germany (Transhumanistische Partei Deutschland) and others, all currently in the process of foundation.”
^ abTwyman, Amon (7 October 2014). “Transhumanism and Politics”. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. 29 January 2020閲覧。 “I would suggest that the way forward is to view transhumanism as a kind of political vector, axis, or hub rather than a single party or philosophy. In other words, the different political philosophies supportive of transhumanism (e.g. Social Futurism, Techno-Progressivism, Anarcho-Transhumanism, Techno-Libertarianism etc) should be considered to collectively constitute Political Transhumanism.”
^Dvorsky, George (31 March 2012). “J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI”. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. 13 January 2015閲覧。 “The term 'democratic transhumanism' distinguishes a biopolitical stance that combines socially liberal or libertarian views (advocating internationalist, secular, free speech, and individual freedom values), with economically egalitarian views (pro-regulation, pro-redistribution, pro-social welfare values), with an openness to the transhuman benefits that science and technology can provide, such as longer lives and expanded abilities. [...] In the last six or seven years the phrase has been supplanted by the descriptor 'technoprogressive' which is used to describe the same basic set of Enlightenment values and policy proposals: Human enhancement technologies, especially anti-aging therapies, should be a priority of publicly financed basic research, be well regulated for safety, and be included in programs of universal health care”
^“On Democratic Transhumanism”. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (24 June 2009). 13 January 2015閲覧。 “When I wrote Citizen Cyborg in 2004 we had just begun defining the ideological position that embraced both traditional social democratic values as well as future transhuman possibilities, and we called it 'democratic transhumanism.' Since then, the people in that space have adopted the much more elegant term 'technoprogressive.'”
^Evans, Woody (2015). “Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds”. Teknokultura (Universidad Complutense Madrid) 12 (2). doi:10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072. http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/view/49072/46310August 16, 2016閲覧. "Consider the state of posthumanism as a domain (*PR*). The careful definition of this domain will be vital in articulating the nature of the relationship between humanity and posthumanity. It will be an asymmetrical relationship, at first heavily favoring humans. It will become, if the posthuman population (and/or their power or influence) grows, a domain in which posthumans may favor themselves at the expense of humans, as humans favor themselves at the expense of animals and machinery within their own domains and networks."
^Campa, Riccardo, Toward a transhumanist politics, オリジナルのJune 14, 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。, https://web.archive.org/web/20120614162111/http://www.re-public.gr/en/?p=837, "The central transhumanist idea of self-directed evolution can be coupled with different political, philosophical and religious opinions. Accordingly, we have observed individuals and groups joining the movement from very different persuasions. On one hand such diversity may be an asset in terms of ideas and stimuli, but on the other hand it may involve a practical paralysis, especially when members give priority to their existing affiliations over their belonging to organized transhumanism."
^Chen, Truman (15 December 2014). “The Political Vacuity of Transhumanism”. Stanford Political Journal. 29 January 2020閲覧。 “Even some transhumanists have criticized the emergence of the Transhumanist Party, questioning the utility of politicizing transhumanist goals. In reality, the ideals the Transhumanist Party embodies are anti-political.”
^ abcHughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press. ISBN0-8133-4198-1
^James Hughes (20 July 2005). “On Democratic Transhumanism”. The Journal of Geoethical Nanotechnology. 13 January 2015閲覧。
^Reynolds, Glenn (2006). An Army of Davids: How Markets and Technology Empower Ordinary People to Beat Big Media, Big Government, and Other Goliaths. Thomas Nelson. ISBN1-59555-054-2
