Massacri armeno-tatari del 1905-1907

Massacri armeno-tatari
parte Rivoluzione russa del 1905
Una pattuglia militare cosacca vicino ai giacimenti petroliferi di Baku, 1905 circa
Data1905-1907
LuogoCaucaso, Impero russo
EsitoViolenza repressa dall'intervento dei reggimenti cosacchi
Schieramenti
Gruppi armeni
Dashnak
Gruppi caucasici musulmani[1] Impero russo
Voci di guerre presenti su Wikipedia

I massacri armeno-tartari (noti anche come guerra armeno-tatara, guerra armeno-tartara e, più recentemente, guerra armeno-azera[2]) si riferiscono al sanguinoso confronto interetnico tra gli armeni e le popolazioni che più tardi avrebbero compreso la nazione dell'Azerbaigian (all'epoca comunemente nota come "tatari caucasici" o "tatari del Caucaso")[3][4] durante il vicereame russo del Caucaso nel 1905-1907.[5][6][7]

I massacri iniziarono durante la rivoluzione russa del 1905 e costarono centinaia di vite. Gli scontri più violenti si verificarono nel 1905, a febbraio a Baku, a maggio a Nakhchivan, ad agosto a Shusha e a novembre a Elizavetopol (Gäncä), danneggiando pesantemente le città e i giacimenti petroliferi di Baku. Anche a Tbilisi scoppiarono le violenze anche se di minore entità.

Gli scontri non furono limitati alle città e, secondo Swietochowski, citando fonti armene, 128 villaggi tatari armeni e 158 caucasici furono distrutti o saccheggiati,[8] mentre le stime complessive delle vite perse variano ampiamente, da 3.000 a 10.000, con i tatari caucasici che subirono perdite maggiori,[9] a causa della scarsa organizzazione dei tatari e del fatto che i membri armeni del Dashnak furono più efficaci.[10]

A Baku

Un tartaro ( azero ) vittima dei massacri di Baku

Secondo Van Der Leeuw, gli scontri iniziarono all'inizio di febbraio 1905 per l'uccisione di uno scolaro e un negoziante tartaro da parte degli armeni.[11] 126 tartari e 218 armeni furono uccisi nei quattro giorni di combattimenti a Baku.[11] Altre fonti come Dasnabedian, Luigi Villari o Walker affermano che i tatari avevano dato inizio al conflitto, il che fornì alla comunità armena un motivo per dare una risposta forte. I trtari a Baku avevano ucciso numerosi armeni disarmati nel febbraio 1905.[12] Walker ha anche affermato che "i tatari erano liberi di massacrare impunemente".[11]

Secondo l'Ufficio statistico di Baku e le dichiarazioni fornite a San Pietroburgo, furono uccisi 205 armeni, tra cui 7 donne, 20 bambini e 13 anziani, oltre a 121 feriti; furono inoltre uccisi 111 tatari, tra cui da 2 donne e nessun bambino o anziano, nonché 128 feriti.[13]

A Nakhichevan e Shusha

Dopo gli scontri di Baku, le comunità musulmane del distretto di Nakhichevan iniziarono a contrabbandare partite di armi dalla Persia. Ad aprile, gli omicidi di armeni nel distretto cominciarono ad assumere proporzioni allarmanti e la comunità armena chiese protezione alle autorità russe. Tuttavia, lo storico Luigi Villari descrive il governatore del distretto come "aspramente anti-armeno" e il vice-governatore di Yerevan come un "armenofobo".[14]

Il 25 maggio, agendo su un piano concordato in precedenza, bande di tatari armati attaccarono l'area del mercato nella capitale del distretto, la città di Nakhichevan, saccheggiando e incendiando le imprese armene e uccidendo tutti gli armeni che potevano trovare. Circa 50 armeni furono assassinati e alcuni negozianti furono bruciati vivi nei loro negozi. Lo stesso giorno, gli abitanti dei villaggi tartari della campagna iniziarono ad attaccare i loro vicini armeni. Villari cita rapporti ufficiali che menzionano che "su un totale di 52 villaggi con popolazioni armene o miste armeno-tatare, 47 furono attaccati, e di questi 47, 19 furono completamente distrutti e abbandonati dai loro abitanti. Il numero totale di morti, compresi quelli nella città di Nakchivan, fu di 239. Successivamente, in un attacco vendicativo, gli armeni attaccarono un villaggio tataro, uccidendo 36 persone".[15]

Per quanto riguarda la situazione a Shusha, secondo Thomas de Waal, "il numero di morti e feriti ammontava a circa 300, di cui circa due terzi erano tartari, perché gli armeni erano tiratori migliori e godevano anche del vantaggio della posizione".[16]

A Gäncä (Elizavetpol)

Prima dei massacri armeno-tartari, Gäncä aveva una considerevole popolazione armena.[17][18] Tra gli armeni, la città era conosciuta come Gandzak (Գանձակ)[19][20][21] Il nome Gandzak deriva da gandz (Arm. - գանձ), parola in prestito dall'antico iraniano, che significa tesoro o ricchezza.[22][23]

Responsabilità

Secondo il professor Firuz Kazemzadeh, "è impossibile attribuire la colpa ai massacri a un lato o a un altro. Sembra che in alcuni casi (Baku, Elizavetpol) i tartari abbiano sparato i primi colpi, in altri casi (Shusha, Tiflis) siano stati gli armeni."[24]

Note

  1. ^ BUTCHERY IN THE CAUCASUS.; A State of Civil War -- 30,000 Combatants of Various Races The New York Times
  2. ^ Nicholas W. Miller. Nagorno-Karabakh: A War without Peace. Kristen Eichensehr (ed.), W. Michael Reisman (ed.) Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009
  3. ^ Suha Bolukbasi. Nation-building in Azerbaijan. Willem van Schendel (ed.), Erik Jan Zürcher (ed.). Identity politics in Central Asia and the Muslim world. I.B.Tauris, 2001. "Until the 1905—6 Armeno-Tatar (the Azeris were called Tatars by Russia) war, localism was the main tenet of cultural identity among Azeri intellectuals."
  4. ^ Joseph Russell Rudolph. Hot spot: North America and Europe. ABC-CLIO, 2008. "To these larger moments can be added dozens of lesser ones, such as the 1905-06 Armenian-Tartar wars that gave Azeris and Armenians an opportunity to kill one another in the areas of Armenia and Azerbaijan that were then controlled by Russia..."
  5. ^ Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Azerbaijan. History.
  6. ^ Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Turks
  7. ^ Willem van Schendel, Erik Jan Zürcher. Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. I.B.Tauris, 2001. ISBN 1-86064-261-6, p. 43.
  8. ^ Cornell, Svante. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, p. 69.
  9. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-231-07068-3, ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3
  10. ^ Cornell, Svante. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, p. 56.
  11. ^ a b c Svante E. Cornell. Small nations and great powers. p. 55.
  12. ^ Luigi Villari. Fire and Sword in the Caucasus: ″The authorities were perpetually telling the Tartars that the Armenians were meditating a massacre of Mussulmans, and that they should be on the qui vive... and on the 19th of February they proceeded to massacre every Armenian they came across. The Armenians defended themselves as best they could, but the Tartars were much more numerous and better armed.″
  13. ^ Saint-Peterburg Vedomosti, 25 May 1905
  14. ^ Villari, Luigi. Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. London: T. F. Unwin, 1906 ISBN 0-7007-1624-6 p. 270.
  15. ^ Villari, Luigi. Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. London: T. F. Unwin, 1906 ISBN 0-7007-1624-6 p. 270-274.
  16. ^ Thomas de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, New York, New York University Press, 2003, p. 190, ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.
  17. ^ Soviet Census in 1926-1979, Newspaper Pravda Press, Moscow, 1983
  18. ^ According to the 1892 official data, "10524 of 25758 inhabitants of the city were Armenians, there were 6 Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian) churches", Elizavetpol article, Brockauz and Efron Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  19. ^ "the union of Georgian and Armenian armies near Gandzak", Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE)
  20. ^ "Mkhitar Gosh was born in Gandzak", Mkhitar Gosh article, (BSE)
  21. ^ "Gandzak (Ganja)" [jss.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/6/2/145.pdf The death of the last 'Abbasid Caliph': a contemporary Muslim account, by Boyle J. // Semitic Studies.1961; 6: 145-161
  22. ^ Philological Society (Great Britain), Transactions of the Philological Society, Philological Society (Great Britain), Published for the Society by B. Blackwell., 1956, p. 100.
  23. ^ Dictionary.Hayastan.com
  24. ^ Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951

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